Secrets of diagnosing and repairing laptops from professionals. Laptop repair

This article describes the main methods independent. The table contains symptoms of malfunctions and their components, which are often difficult to determine without careful diagnostics using special equipment. As can be seen from the following, the main problems with most budget laptop models arise due to overheating And breakdowns. This is explained by the fact that laptop video card, this is the most loaded part, after the processor. But heat dissipation from the processor is usually several times more efficient. Therefore, when using a laptop, during operation, gradually occurs. Its efficiency decreases, and, first of all, the laptop’s video card suffers.

Basically, these problems can be resolved using shrinkage (rebowling) or replacing the corresponding microcircuits. However, to our great regret, in recent years, more and more manufacturers laptops began to use a compound to secure chips on the board. In these cases, the probability good luck such a board is greatly reduced, since the compound is very difficult to remove without mechanical motherboard damage, and often have to replace the entire system board. In addition, apparently in order to reduce the cost, on many budget laptop models, instead of normal PCB, for production motherboards They began to use some strange material with a high temperature coefficient of expansion. When such a board is heated by a video chip operating under load, it becomes so deformed that it is noticeable to the naked eye. Naturally, such bends eventually lead to separation of the chip from the board. Shrinking or replacing chips on such boards is very difficult and is practically impossible without special stations.

You also need to understand that due to overheating, there can be three types of malfunctions:

1. Unsoldering the chip from the motherboard pads - eliminated by soldering the chip(shrinkage, rebowling), using a hair dryer or infrared station.
2. Mechanical chip separation, due to thermal deformation, from the motherboard pads (most often found when chips are factory installed on lead-free solder with a high melting point) - a repair method, as in the first case, but since the soldering temperature is much higher (more than 400 degrees), the probability of successful repairs are decreasing.
3. Mechanical chip separation, due to thermal deformation, from the motherboard along with the pads (most often found when factory-installing chips on lead-free solder with a high melting point), as a rule, in this case it is necessary motherboard replacement.

BIOS beeps when turning on a faulty laptop.

- long signal

* short signal

Award BIOS

	Problems with CMOS Setup or system board
	Keyboard controller error
	Random access memory (RAM) error
	Video card error
	Error initializing keyboard
— * * * * * * * * *	Error reading from ROM
repetitive *	Problems with the power supply
repetitive -	RAM problems
Continuous	Eating problems

AMI BIOS

	Eating problems
	RAM parity error
	Error in the first 64 kB of RAM
	System timer malfunction
	Processor problems
	Keyboard controller initialization error
	Problems with the motherboard
	Video card memory error
* * * * * * * * *	BIOS checksum is incorrect
* * * * * * * * * *	CMOS write error
	Video card error
	Video card error

Symptoms of malfunctions, probable causes and repair methods

Laptop won't turn on

When the power supply is connected, the laptop's signal LEDs do not light up. The laptop does not respond to pressing the power button	— The power supply is faulty. — Break in the cable. — The power connector is faulty. — Breakdown of the primary power circuit on the motherboard.	Check the voltage at the output of the power supply. Check the resistance of the input power connector to the short circuit. If power is supplied to the laptop, complete disassembly of the laptop is necessary to access the motherboard and further diagnostics.
When the power supply is connected, the laptop's signal LEDs light up. The laptop does not respond to pressing the power button	— The power button or the cable (connector) connecting it to the motherboard is faulty. — Damage to the power management circuits on the motherboard. — The south bridge burned out or became unsoldered.	Complete disassembly of the laptop is required to access the motherboard, further diagnostics and repairs.
Produces a beep code for a memory fault.	— The memory chip is faulty, or there is a bad contact in the connector, or the connector contacts have become unsoldered from the motherboard. — The north bridge is faulty.	Clean the contacts, replace the memory with a known good one, if this does not give results - complete disassembly of the laptop for diagnostics and repair of the motherboard.

The laptop turns on, but there is no image.

Dark screen. When illuminated with a strong lamp at a certain angle, a faint image can be seen.	— The matrix backlight does not work. — The light bulb has burned out. — The light bulb inverter burned out. — Damage to the power supply circuit or inverter control.	It is necessary to disassemble the laptop screen to accurately identify the fault and replace defective elements.
— White screen when turned on, or thin stripes on the white screen. — Artifacts on the screen. — Audio video error codes. — Initialization is slowed down at the initial post codes. — Works only on an external monitor, but freezes when loading. There is no image on the screen, or the screen backlight just turns on.	— The video chip or removable discrete video card is faulty	To repair a laptop, it is necessary to either shrink the video chip (rebowling) or replace the chip with a new one (if the previous operation did not produce results). Replace the removable discrete video card.

Some components of the laptop do not work

The keyboard and touchpad do not work, the USB ports do not work.	— South bridge does not work — The keyboard controller is faulty.	If the south bridge is damaged, shrink it or replace it, or replace the motherboard. Replacing the controller.
The DVD (CD) drive does not open with the button. The disk in the drive rotates, but is not readable.	— There is no contact in the drive button, poor contact in the connector connecting the drive to the board. — The connector has come unsoldered from the board. — The controller is faulty. — The drive is faulty.	Remove the drive and clean the connector. Open the drive with a pin, insert the disc and check the operation of the drive. If the disc is readable, resolder the drive button, otherwise install a known working drive. If there is no result, you need to completely disassemble the laptop and diagnose the fault on the motherboard.
Some keys on the keyboard do not work	— The keyboard is out of order due to liquid spillage or broken contact pads. — Poor contact in the keyboard cable connector.	Use a tester to check the conductivity of the contact pads on the keyboard cable. If the contact pads are worn out, you can cut the cable by 1-2 mm so that it goes deeper into the connector. Repairing the keyboard itself requires its complete disassembly with the flexible printed circuit boards separated. Damaged paths and areas are restored with conductive varnish. This operation is very labor-intensive and does not always lead to the desired result. Replace the keyboard.
WiFi, Bluetooth, and modem modules do not work.	— Poor contact in the PCI (PCIe) connector — The module is faulty.	Check that the driver is installed correctly. Install a new driver. Remove the module and clean the contact pads. Replace the module with a known working one (with installation of new drivers); if there is no result, check the soldering of the connector contacts to the motherboard and the wiring circuit.
Sound doesn't work.	— The driver is not installed, or the wrong driver is installed. — Broken contacts in the headphone jack. — The audio amplifier chip has burned out or has become unsoldered. — The audio codec chip has burned out or has become unsoldered. — Problems with the south bridge.	Reinstall the correct driver. Check and resolder the headphone connector. Test the audio circuits on the motherboard and replace defective elements.
The built-in web camera and microphone do not work.	— Not installed, or the wrong driver is installed — Poor contact in the cable connector. — The web camera or microphone capsule is faulty.	Reinstall the correct drivers. Check cable and connectors. Replace faulty elements.

Laptop doesn't work well

During operation, the characteristic clicks of the hard drive are heard.	— Errors on the hard drive. — Areas of difficult to read or “bad” areas have appeared on the hard drive.	Use a third-party program to check SMART and the surface of the hard drive for “badness”. If there are any bad problems, replace the hard drive.
The operating system takes a long time to load, programs start slowly, and there are frequent freezes.	— Winchester is highly fragmented. — There is not enough free space on the system disk.	Clean, scan, and defragment the disk. Clear free space on the system disk.
Frequent freezes during work. Automatic system reboot.	— Winchester is highly fragmented. — There is not enough free space on the system disk. — The system is corrupted or infected with a virus.	Clean, scan, and defragment the disk. Clear free space on the system disk. Perform a system restore. Clean the system from viruses.
When the laptop is used for a long time, especially when the video system is loaded with movies or games, the system slows down and reboots.	— Overheating of the processor and video system due to poor cooling.	Disassemble the cooling system, clean it from dust and replace the thermal paste. If there is no result, the video chip is faulty.
The laptop works fine in VGA mode. When installing video drivers, it constantly turns off on its own, reboots, and artifacts appear on the screen.	— The wrong driver is installed. — The cooling system is clogged with dust or the fan does not work. — The video chip has become unsoldered from the board due to overheating or has failed.	Reinstall video card drivers. Clean the cooling system and replace the thermal paste. Check fan operation. If there is no result, either shrink the video chip (rebowling) or replace the chip with a new one.

Laptop screen problems

The image is normal, but individual white dots of one pixel are visible on the screen.	— Matrix defect “dead pixels”	Not being repaired. Only matrix replacement is possible.
The image is normal, but individual white or colored vertical or horizontal stripes of one pixel are visible on the screen.	— Malfunction of the matrix decoder. — Less commonly, a cable malfunction.	A decoder malfunction cannot be repaired. Only matrix replacement is possible.
The image is distorted or missing. The screen is covered with multi-colored stripes.	— Malfunction of the matrix cable. — Matrix malfunction. — Malfunction of the integrated video chip. — Malfunction of RAM (if the laptop has a video chip without its own video memory).	Connect an external monitor; if the image is normal, the problem is in the cable or matrix. Otherwise, replace the memory. If the problem persists, the video chip has failed.

Most common laptop problems can be fixed on your own. A collection of articles and guides on electronics repair will help you troubleshoot various breakdowns and solve a number of problems without contacting a service center.

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No matter how many laptops break down, you can always find the same reasons for breakdowns in different laptops. Let's look at the most common defects that can be repaired yourself.

I would like to note right away that any independent repair will cause the laptop to be removed from warranty. However, there are some breakdowns that can be fixed manually without much difficulty.

The first failure of this kind is overheating. Signs of overheating are a very hot laptop (the part of the laptop where the keyboard and touchpad are located) and its rapid spontaneous reboot. These are the first serious signs that should not be ignored. In such cases, you need to remove the top cover and thoroughly clean the insides from dust. For these purposes, a vacuum cleaner is perfect. It is recommended to remove the cooler before cleaning. Once the dust is removed, apply thermal paste to the processor. The layer of thermal paste should not be thick.

The second place goes to a keyboard stained with tea, coffee, juice or anything else.. It is worth noting here that if you do not turn off the laptop immediately after the incident and do not allow it to dry for at least a day, then you risk “losing” the laptop itself.

To fix this kind of breakdown you will need... a car shop. Yes, exactly a car. There you will need to buy glue that conducts electricity. This glue is called “Kontaktol”. The choice of this particular glue is explained by the operating principle of the laptop keyboard. Under the buttons there are plates covered with aluminum contacts. When you press a key, the desired contact is closed, and the key plates themselves are separated by rubber gaskets. When liquid is spilled on the keyboard, the aluminum contacts oxidize, which leads to consequences that are already familiar to us.

And again you will have to remove the top cover. Then you need to find a plate with a blackened layer of aluminum or lack thereof. Look at how the serviceable aluminum contacts are located, and using adhesive tape or electrical tape with glue, “draw” paths of the same shape. In this case, you will need to step a little onto the serviceable area. Please also take into account the fact that the adhesive tape or tape should come off easily, and the glue should be applied in a thin layer. After the first application of glue, wait a few minutes and repeat the operation. Don't forget to peel off the tape and try not to spill liquids on the keyboard again.

After using the laptop for a long time, the battery capacity may be greatly reduced.. Such a battery should be replaced or calibrated.

The tools that you will need in this situation: a soldering iron (no more than 40 Volts), a multimeter or voltmeter, a breadboard knife and new elements. The cells should be the same as on the factory laptop battery. Their cost is several times lower than the total cost of the battery. Battery repairs must be treated with extreme caution, because in the case of lithium-ion batteries you will have to deal with toxic substances.

So, we completely discharge it, and then open the battery using a breadboard knife, which should be used to cut the seam at the gluing site. Here is an approximate picture of the insides of the battery:

We will change the part located on the left. First you should measure the voltage at the outputs of the left side of the battery. If the battery is nickel-metal hydride, then the multimeter should show a voltage of 1.2 Volts multiplied by the number of cells. For lithium-ion batteries, this figure should be from 3.7 to 4.1 Volts multiplied by the number of cells. If the readings are satisfactory, you can begin replacing the elements. It is worth noting that all elements need to be replaced, and not just those that have become unusable.

New cells must also be discharged. The voltage reading on each of them should be 3.1 Volts. The elements should be discharged simultaneously, connecting them in parallel, plus to plus, minus to minus. This design must be connected to an ordinary light bulb or resistor with a power of 10-20 watts. If the cells are charged, the controller may consider them faulty, or will charge them until they explode.

The order in which the cells of the old battery are removed should be as follows: the cells with the largest plus should be removed first. But new elements need to be inserted in the reverse order. To connect elements, it is better to use contact holders with wires soldered to them rather than soldering.

We should not forget that repairing a battery at home is unsafe.. Therefore, all work must be performed with extreme care and caution.

Laptops are increasingly ahead of regular PCs. They are so popular due to the fact that the entire computer with all peripheral devices and battery is located in a compact case. However, the high degree of integration of a laptop makes it more prone to failure and makes repairs more difficult.

The situation is aggravated by the trend towards thinner and lighter laptops: instead of standard elements, special components are used or soldered to the motherboard, screws favored by repairmen are replaced with glue, and the lightest design is rarely durable. This is why many laptop owners are hesitant to repair their devices themselves. Considering the significant costs and significant repair time carried out by the manufacturer's service department, you will often think about purchasing a new device.

How to drill out a warped screw
In order to open a laptop case with deformed screws, a specialist drills out the head with a mini drill. Remaining
the threaded fragment is unscrewed with pliers

At the same time, many faults can be repaired yourself or you can contact one of the many workshops that can be found in any city via the Internet. If a workshop doesn't have many negative reviews, it might be worth checking out its web page. If the conditions suit you, then it makes sense to call a specialist or come to the office yourself: it is easier to explain the essence of the problem in person, when you have the opportunity to see the interlocutor.

Free diagnostics or provision of preliminary cost estimates testify to the workshop’s loyalty to the customer. If the workshop charges for them, then at a minimum it should be taken into account in the subsequent calculation of repair work. We visited the Zeklink workshop in Munich, saw the professionals at work, and now reveal the best tips for carrying out renovations at home.

Go to a workshop or do it yourself?

When removing the keyboard, be careful not to damage the sensitive cable

Standard faults, methods for diagnosing them and chances of repair are listed in the table above. If, for example, your device does not work at all - there is no image, the cooler does not make noise, and the LEDs do not light up, the cause may be a faulty power button or problems with the power supply system (battery/connector). Whether the problem can be solved at home or whether you will have to take the laptop to a workshop depends on the cause of the problem.

The tasks facing the workshop specialists are very diverse: from repairing a five-year-old laptop, produced under the brand of one of the retail chains, which the user has configured according to his needs and still wants to use, to an almost new MacBook Pro, which was “treated” to a cup of latte and which the owner needs as soon as possible.

The manufacturer's customer service is often slow, and warranty claims may not work. “The most common failures are hard drives, displays and hinges,” says Padrek McGrath, owner of Zeklink. However, some people come to workshops, for example, because of a faulty battery, which is very easy to replace yourself.

Finding a suitable service workshop

The advantage of a workshop located in your area is that you immediately get an idea of ​​​​it, and a specialist, during a personal conversation, can directly inspect the device and determine the problem. In addition, you do not have to pay for shipping and the repair period is reduced.

If the conditions are attractive, the consultation was carried out at the right level and there are few negative reviews on the Internet (treat them with caution, such reviews may be left by competitors), then why not place an order. If the hard drive contains sensitive or important data, discuss with a repair technician whether you should make a backup yourself or remove and save the drive if it is not the drive that is at fault.

Repairable laptops

Quite fragile snap connections that connect
the edges of the case easily snap into place

Michael Tuchampski, chief technical officer at Zeklink, explains that there is a huge difference between how prone laptops are to failure and how repairable they are: “Business devices such as the Lenovo ThinkPad, Dell Latitude and HP EliteBook, as well as the pre-2015 Apple MacBook Pro years, are durable, repairable and have well-established spare parts supply channels.”

On the other hand, there are problems with a whole series of devices: for example, the Asus UX31 model, which has excellent performance, is very thin and prone to various malfunctions. Also, workshops often receive Lenovo laptops with new flat connectors (as opposed to standard round connectors) and Samsung X900, whose display hinges often fail.

Any laptop that ends up in Zeklink is registered with an exact description of the problem. Let's consider a typical problem with a four-year-old laptop: the cooler is constantly running, but the system slows down and when performing resource-intensive tasks it freezes and reboots. It is likely that the cooler is clogged. Cleaning it is similar to cardiac surgery, as it requires completely disassembling and reassembling the internal mechanisms.

Even professionals start from scratch

Professionals also use regular cotton swabs to remove thermal paste.

When Chief Technician Michael Tuchampski gets a computer on his desk, he starts off much like a layman. However, he has a wealth of fifteen years of experience and thousands of repaired laptops behind him. In addition, he has a large arsenal of tools and measuring devices on his “workbench”. The workplace is the first thing you should pay attention to when carrying out renovations at home: the surface should be free of dust (no fabric tablecloths) and well lit.

It is recommended to touch the radiator, window handles or similar objects several times before and during repairs to avoid damaging electronics with static electricity. Along with the appropriate set of tools (a Phillips screwdriver of various sizes, a guitar pick, or a flat plastic spatula), a small amount of thermal paste is also required.

Systematic repairs

After a few years of use, the radiator of almost all laptops becomes clogged with dust, which can be removed with tweezers and a can of compressed air.

When determining the method and sequence of dismantling, a professional relies on his own experience, which you, as an amateur, do not have. Therefore, before starting repairs, it is necessary to collect as much information as possible. Video tutorials on repairing a wide variety of laptop types are available on YouTube, which can be found by searching for “model name” and “disassembly”. If there are no instructions, approach the repair with special care: to dismantle the case, remove the bottom cover and battery, remove all visible screws that hold them in place.

Locate the screws under the rubber inserts (such as the support feet). Padrek McGrath recommends removing all parts, including the screws that secure them, and placing them separately on a work surface, and writing down the removal sequence.

Open your laptop case like a pro!

Michael Tuchampski is forced again and again to correct such amateurish mistakes that result from an unsuccessful attempt to open the device, such as deformed screws: even if the screwdriver is only slightly larger than the slot, it easily turns and destroys the screw head.

In such a case, the professional tries several methods in succession: a special tool for unscrewing the screws, soldering a second head and, finally, drilling out the screw. Due to the fact that the screws in laptops are tiny, this is simply a piece of jewelry work. To prevent this from happening, Tuchampski advises: Use a suitable screwdriver and never a screwdriver. Also, do not press too hard; a gentle, measured amount of force is required when rotating.

Often, along with screws, housing elements are additionally held in place by latches. An experienced specialist will quickly figure out which ones he must squeeze first, and how much force they can withstand without collapsing, while the amateur must proceed very slowly and carefully. Often it requires inserting, for example, a credit card between the latches that have already been released in order to prevent them from snapping into place when further dismantling the case.

Damage caused by liquids leaves traces of corrosion, which in some cases can be removed by a workshop technician (depending on the material)

Depending on the laptop model, it is necessary to remove either the bottom or the keyboard together with the surrounding panel. When removing the keyboard, there is the following danger: after unscrewing the screws and releasing the latches secured by the screws, some Zeklink workshop customers remove the keyboard too quickly and in the process damage the cable connecting it to the motherboard.

So, after the keyboard mounts are released, you need to carefully lift it, then determine the position of the cable and properly remove it from the connector. It is equipped with either a latch that must be pressed upwards from the cable, or a connector along the cable. In this case, it is necessary to remove the cable from the socket using flat tweezers. Similar actions should be performed in relation to the touchpad cable.

In order to gain access to a clogged fan, it must be removed from the motherboard. On some laptops, it is located on the inaccessible side of the motherboard, as a result of which it must first be removed. The heatsink can then be easily (and carefully!) unscrewed and removed from the CPU and GPU. To remove old thermal paste, a professional also turns to common home remedies: cotton pads soaked, if necessary, in pure alcohol. If the radiator is really dirty, you can see a fringe of dust that is located between the fan and the cooling fins.

In most cases, they can be accessed after opening the radiator housing. It is good if the case is connected with screws; it’s bad if rivets or glue are used: in this case, you will have to apply a little force to remove it for subsequent cleaning of the dust “plug” with tweezers and blowing through the plate using a can of compressed air or a hand-held vacuum cleaner. Then the fan housing must be glued back together, depending on the material - using instant or two-component glue.

Anyone who was able to overcome all the steps described will easily cope with the assembly. In this case, one part is again attached to the other in the reverse order.
After each step, non-professionals must ensure that there are no screws or loose ends of cables left, otherwise they will be in for unpleasant surprises when the repair is complete. When installing the heatsink, you should apply a small amount of thermal paste to the CPU and GPU (if necessary). It will be evenly distributed when pressed during installation.

Elimination of mechanical damage

Gluing the display hinge
The display hinge, broken out of the plastic support plate, is reattached in the workshop using two-component glue, or the entire plastic part of the case is replaced

Cleaning a clogged fan is indeed important and costly, but nevertheless, it is not the only problem. The most common “real” defects in the Zeklink workshop practice include hard drive failures - ranging from several bad sectors to complete unusability as a result of the so-called “head failure”. Michael Tuchampski first takes the image from a still working hard drive. This practice before carrying out any repair work at home is also a good idea; it is implemented using an image creation program.

For standard devices and business laptops, replacing the hard drive is an easy task, since in most cases the storage medium is located under a removable cover. But in ultra- and Chromebooks with a specially fitted SSD drive or a soldered eMMC drive into the case, it is necessary to install either an original spare part from the manufacturer, or even replace the entire motherboard.

Difficult repair: fractures

The display, together with its frame, is very sensitive, since it is installed in a very cramped space of the cover (1). First of all, be careful not to damage the flat ribbon cable (2).

Repairing mechanical damage is a difficult task. Most often, specialists encounter broken displays or broken display hinges. Defective panels can be replaced with spare parts that professional repairmen purchase on eBay, other online stores, or directly from Chinese manufacturers. The greatest difficulty is to find a panel that exactly fits a given model.

In general, work carried out on a laptop display is quite complex, since many elements are placed in the extremely small space of the thin cover - for example, mounts, cables, backlight elements and wireless network transmitters. First of all, if the display is located behind a glass plate, dust should not get between them, otherwise it will cause further damage. If the flat display cable leading to the motherboard is damaged, in most cases no help is possible, since it is extremely rare to find a replacement cable.

Brief summary: work with the display is best done in a workshop. The same goes for a common and misdiagnosed problem: faulty display hinges. The hinges are made of metal and do not break, but they often break out of the soft plastic base plate to which they are connected with several screws. The Zeklink workshop re-glues the screw threads to the plastic using a high-strength two-part adhesive, then installs the hinge and, after tightening the screws, secures them with glue.

After each repair, Michael Tuchampski turns on the computer and checks all the hardware. If, for example, the sound/headphones, USB ports or hardware buttons do not work, they are probably not connected correctly. Whether this happened in the workshop or at home - it doesn’t matter, everything should start all over again. For this, there is one last piece of advice from a professional: if you can’t make progress in your work, you need to put it aside and continue the next day “with a fresh mind.”