Creation of a watchdog service along the Seversky Donets. Watchdog and stanitsa service Creation of a watchdog service along the Seversky Donets in brief

Tactics, guard and reconnaissance service during the times of the Romans Citing written sources telling about the use of the horse in war, we showed that it was originally used as a means of quickly moving a warrior to the battlefield, harnessed to a chariot.

About the Cossacks of Seversk, Oskol, Donetsk, Komaritsa and others. In the framework of this short article, we will include in the concept of “Seversk Cossacks” all possible groups of Cossacks in the territory of the Seversk land, recorded in historical sources in the waters of the Dnieper basin: Oskol, Donetsk,Putivlsky, Rylsky, Komaritsky and others.

The “Northern Cossacks” can be divided into two specific formations: free and service. We will try to briefly present both of these communities in different local guises in this article.

So, among other things, in 1549, the Nogai prince Yusuf wrote to Ivan the Terrible about the attacks on the Don on the Nogais carried out by stellate sturgeon. Doubt arises that the Seversk Cossacks had some kind of single ethnic nature (if there was such a thing at all in the 16th-17th centuries). The free Cossacks of the Seversk land, especially Donetsk and Oskol, were bands of the southern Russian militarized population, probably partially connected with the remnant of the ancient “north” and were an alternative branch of the Cossacks as such.

Sometimes it was not connected with any serious relations, for example, with the Don Cossacks - there were only isolated migrations of stellate sturgeons to the Don. At the very least, it is unlikely that this has acquired any mass character; most likely the stellate sturgeon were more active “on the ground”, on the territory of the Severshchina. So, among other things, in 1549, the Nogai prince Yusuf wrote to Ivan the Terrible about attacks on the Don on the Nogais carried out by stellate sturgeon

[i] . It is possible that the Seversky Cossacks and small groups of Tatars will fall into the environment. It is likely that the Seversk Cossacks were replenished by Don Cossacks and Cherkasy - but to what extent is difficult to judge. We will not dwell closely on this topic and will leave it for introduction into circulation by new researchers.

“...with their wives they enjoyed living near Putivl and being servants...” One of the initial pages of the chronicle of the Seversky Cossacks, in our opinion, should be considered the episode of recruiting the so-called Azov Cossacks into the service by Moscow Prince Vasily III, settled near Putivl “... having the pleasure of living with Putivl and being servants with their wives...» This happened, apparently, between 1515-20. According to the assumption of the famous researcher of the Don Cossacks E.P. Savelyev, sometimes far from scientific reality, it was these Putivl Cossacks who gave the basis to the service contingent of the guard and stanitsa service in this corner of the Seversk land, securing the name “Sevryuks”. Here E.P. Savelyev makes a clear mistake, giving his reasoning the color of some kind of historical romance. In our opinion, it is absolutely impossible to identify the former Azov natives with the Stellate Sturgeon and here’s why. As is known, in the instructions of 1571, compiled by Prince Mikhail Ivanovich Vorotynsky together with the guard Cossacks and villagers, who knew their areas of the Wild Field perfectly well, a regulation was established on the removal from service of the Putivl sturgeons, who served not from estates, but for hire and poorly fulfilled their responsibilities. A.G. Slyusarsky believed that the peculiarity of the unpreparedness of the stellate sturgeon for guard duty was that the main means of subsistence of this group of the Severshchina population was precisely the fishing economy, which dominated military affairs. The last statement, which certainly has a real basis, goes a little against the fact that the Sevryuks were undoubtedly a border community, where knowledge of the basics of military affairs was a prerequisite for their existence and survival during the time of “incessant” Tatar “arrivals”. In fact, it would be more correct to note that the stellate sturgeon skillfully combined fishing and economic activity with knowledge of military affairs, with the prevailing role of the former. Returning to the opinion of E.P. Savelyev, we emphasize that the historian of the Don Cossacks was certainly right that the Azov people formed a certain backbone of the guard Cossacks and villagers of Putivl.

The Nikon Chronicle reports that the Novgorod-Seversky principality was inhabited by the so-called Seversky or Ukrainian Cossacks, called “Sevryuks,” who were found in many cities, such as: Novgorod-Seversky, Chernigov, Starodub, Rylsk, Putivl, etc. Let’s talk more about this -less detailed.

Information about the Cossacks in Rylsk begins to actively “flicker” in historical reports starting from the 1530s. The first person from among the Ryl Cossacks was Ivan Kokhonin, noted in the charter of Grand Duke Vasily III in Karachev: “Our governor Vasily Sergeev wrote to me from Novgorodka and Seversky..., and our governor Vasily Sergeev wrote to him from Rylsk: the Cossack Ivan Kokhonin came to him from the Rylsk field with his companions, and brought with him his wife Polonyanka Karachevsky full...» That is, even then the guard and stanitsa services in Rylsky (as well as in neighboring Putivlsky) districts acquired an active stage of their existence. For example, in 1522, the Russian ambassador Tretyak Gubin reported in his report about two Putivl Cossacks - Fedka and Uvar, who went on guard duty to the Vorskla River. In 1541, Prince Ivan Fedorovich Belsky, concerned about the next activity of the Tatars in the southern Russian steppes, sent a messenger from the capital to Putivl. The governor of this city, Fyodor Pleshcheev, was entrusted with sending a stanitsa patrol to the steppe under the leadership of Gavrila Tolmach.

The task of the village detachment was reconnaissance in the steppe, monitoring the Tatars and identifying their numbers. Tolmach's village discovered the Tatars on the Seversky Donets River, after which Gavrila himself had to hastily ride with the news through Rylsk to Moscow. A little later, the news about the Tatars was brought to Moscow by another village resident, Alexey Kutukov. The fears of the Moscow authorities were not in vain: in March 1542, a large Tatar detachment of Tsarevich Amin was already destroying the outskirts of Putivl.

V.P. Zagorovsky believes that the stanitsa service in Putivl district (as well as in Rylsky) acquired regular features in 1550-51, 20 years before its all-Russian establishment. At this time, the situation on the southern borders of Muscovy was most tense - Ivan the Terrible personally went with his regiments to the “coastline” - near Ryazan and Kolomna.

In 1555, the village of Lavrentiy Koltovsky tracked down the Tatars on the Obyshkin transport through the Seversky Donets. The messenger Bogdan Nikiforov was immediately sent to Putivl and Moscow with the village leader Shemyatka (a guide, an expert on the area who was stationed at the village). L. Koltovsky’s reply reported that about twenty thousand Tatars were transported through the stile.

City Cossacks also served in Starodub - another city in the Severshchina, then still in Moscow - we will touch on this period superficially. The replenishment of the staff of the Starodub Cossacks came from volunteers - free, willing people, apparently not always “from the locals”. For example, among the immigrants in 1632 from the Lithuanian Starodub to Sevsk - Cossacks, Sevryuks, arable peasants and gunners, Cossacks were listed according to the geographical nicknames Pskovitin and Kozlitin - Borka Pskovitin and Pavlik Pskovitin

Unfortunately, we have extremely limited sources on the personnel of the Starodub Cossacks of Moscow Starodub. A small exception are the questioning speeches of the archers, Cossacks, nobles, children of the boyars, gunners, and Starodub Seversky’s fighters, compiled on the occasion of the alleged relations of servicemen with Lithuanian people. These lists contain the following surnames: Chemesov, Podlinev, Sedelnikov, Serkov (later a well-known Cossack white-place surname in Karachev), Boyarkin, Roev, Shipov, Osavtsov, Rozhnov, Lomakin, Poteryaishin, Nakhodkin, Ostroglyadov(ets), Lashin

. Almost all of the above names are found in the cities to which the military people of Starodub were resettled after it was abandoned to Poland. Let's talk briefly about recruiting willing people into the service.

In the decree of 1589 from Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, head Afanasy Fedorovich Zinoviev was instructed to gather in Putivleko service the children of the boyars, streltsy, gunners, zatinshchiki, Cherkasy, verstanny and so-called “hunting” Cossacks. Zinoviev was ordered to distribute salaries to servicemen and newly recruited people and to march on the Seversky Donets and Oskol rivers against the Belgorod Tatars and Cherkasy. The military men were brought to the gathering place from Chernigov, Rylsk and Starodub. The Putivl heads - Ivan Kireev and Yuri Bezzubtsev were supposed to take away 102 people of the “hot Cossacks”, in Rylsk Ivan Nikolnikov and Yan Bobrovsky - 50, in Starodub Fyodor Shchegolev and Yakush Lysy - 125 people. The salary of the Seversk willing Cossacks was “two rubles each”; newly recruited servicemen were required to report for duty “O two horse or two gelding.” However, neither in Putivl nor in Rylsk the heads were able to clean up a single person, the old man Fyodor Shchegolev turned out to be more successful and brought only five willing Cossacks, and even those "one horse at a time." As the decree further reports, initially in Starodub Shchegolev gathered 25 free people, but the money determined as a salary for the Cossacks was “expropriated” by a certain Peter Sovin. True, then these funds were nevertheless sent to Putivl for the “device” of the eager Cossacks - “... the money was ordered... to be sent to Putivl and with that money it was ordered to take away the willing Cossacks, as many as possible, according to the wrong decree, how many were ordered to be taken, depending on the money. And the salary was ordered to be given to three rubles per person, and those Cossacks would have about two horses or two geldings, but in captivity they had two or three horses.” A similar situation, but a little more successful, was repeated in 1632 during the Smolensk War - Ivan Eropkin was tasked with cleaning up the Seversk cities - Rylsk, Sevsk with the Komaritsky volost and Putivl "all sorts of unwritten people" with arquebuses numbering 500 people as Cossacks with an assigned sovereign salary of 4 rubles per year, plus potion and lead. Non-literate people meant non-tax workers, non-servants and non-serfs.

For this purpose, nobles and clerks were sent to the designated cities, so that the local governors would release everyone. Of course, it was not possible to fully staff the willing Cossacks: “and the Seversky, sir, cities, and from the Kamaritsa volost, people who are eager to become Cossacks are not recruited and are not recruited into the service.”

In the Rank Books of 1618, in the garrison of the city of Rylsk, according to estimates, there were 100 Starodub Cossacks, along with 117 boyar children, 26 gunners and fighters, 200 archers. These are the service people who were resettled after the Deulin truce to other Seversk cities. After the construction of the Sevsky fort in the Komaritsa volost in 1620, some of the military men of Starodub were brought there.

The Cossacks of Trubchevsk distinguished themselves in the campaign against the army of False Dmitry I and the Poles in the fall of 1604 near Novgorod-Seversky. They, numbering 74 people, were given the sovereign's salary: “Four arshins of cloth and two rubles of money per person.” So the salary received: Sotsky Efremka Kisly, Pentecostal Strashka Kozintsov, Yakimka Yakovlev, Yakushka Netrekhov, Ofonka Bocharov, Ignatka Okatov, Ofonka Yurakov, Loginka Markov, Ivashka Golovachov, Ileyka Lyakhov, Mishka Demidov, Ivashka Yakovlev, Lukyanka Ontipin, Aniska Fedorov, Ovdyushka Ignatov , Fedoska Grigoriev, foreman Ivashka Samoilov, Ovdokimko Ivanov, Savka Mikulin, Troshka Ivanov, Kireyka Mikulin, Vaska Pakhomov, Zhadenka Ivanov, Vaska Ortemov, Zhdanka Ivanov, Vaska Ilyin, Grishka Davydov, Minka Ivanov, Gavrilka Ogafonov, Ivashka Yankov, Meleshka Yakovlev, Levka Fedorov, Deniska Ovdeev, Pakhomka Fedorov, Timoshka Fedorov, foreman Ivashka Skomorokhov, Ostapka Ivanov, Vaska Ivanov, Gorasimka, Ondreev, Ivashka Fedorov, Anikonka Yakovlev, Mitka Maximov, Ondryushka Golobushin, foreman Danilka Fedorov, Ostapka Krokhin, Mikiforka Grigoriev, Tereshka Levonov , Senka Omelyanov, Vaska Ilyin, Savka Gavrilov, Oleshka Shepkoval, Ivashka Ovdeev, Ondryushka Shipukha, Ivashka Ondreev, Ivashka Ivanov, Boriska Fedorov, Ivashka Letyagin, Vaska Yakovlev, Maximka Naumov, Ontoshka Gridyaev, foreman Yakushka Eremeev, Grishka Smiryakin, Ivashka Ershov , Vaska Borisov, Ondryushka Petrov, Ondryushka Gonchar, Shestachka Usotsky, Simashka Makarov, foreman Volodka Ivanov, Loginka Ivanov, Stepanka Gridin, Kuzemka Frolov, Stepanka Ontonov, Oleshka Khrenov .

There is no data on the number or origin of the Trubchev Cossacks of the early 17th century.

In the same campaign, 76 Cossacks from the city of Novgorod-Seversky, led by Pentecostal Grisha Kostin, took part, such as: Tishka Putin, Osipka Shevernin, Yakushka Milkov, Oleshka Minin, Vaska Maltsov, Mitya Sofonov, Ontonka Zaitsov, foreman Login Rodyukin, Bogdashka Kortavoy, Selyushka Fateev, Ofonka Kuznets, Matyushka Maltsov, Grishka Putin, Kornilka Kuznetsov, Larka Igumnov, Ivashka Sokurov, Ivashka Shishik, Grishka Savin, Gulyayka Plokhovo, Zamyatenka Naumov, Fedka Ondreev, Savka Pravdin, foreman Yudka Sergeev, Pashka Grechishnikov, Senka Korostelev, Danilka Kortsov, Babarik Frolov, Yakushka Ososkov, Ivashka Penkovets, Petrushka Plokhovo, Gavrilka Martyanov, Mishka Teleshov, Ondryushka Pasnovets, Vaska Erin, Minka Meshchaninov, Tishka Ulyanov, Ondryushka Konoplin, Mitka Sheplin, Danilka Borbota, Ivashka Rubtsov, foreman Mikiforka Lukin, Ivanka Glumov , Ondryushka Mikhailov, Mishka Mikiforov, Ivashka Shakhov, Mikhalka Erin, Myakotka Kozhevnikov, Bogdashka Topin, Grishka Filipov, Kucha Naumov, Pentecostal Fedor Sabelnikov, Filipka Gavrilov, Petrusha Maltsov, Maksimka Maltsov, Stepanka Dutovo, Fedka Denisov, Ondryushka Chemigov, Kuzemka Dudin, Fochka Nikonov, Stepanka Vodostoev, foreman Yakushka Ostrovsky, Ontoshka Ovdeev, Grishka Moseev, Ivashka Prudnikov, Moseyka Zakharov, Savka Glumov, Stepanka Vlasov, Fedka Pravdin, Larka Lukhtanov, foreman Ivanka Karpov, Senka Burdukov, Ivashka Lobanov, Davydka Bykov, Minka Pokhomov, Ondryushka Zakharov, foreman Vaska Shurinin, Ortemka Kushnerev, Fedka Grigoriev, Ofonka Kirpichev, Rodka Poltev, Bogdashka Ozarov, Zhadka Filipov, Fedka Prosvetkin, Ivashka Shurinin, foreman Grisha Merzlyukin, Ivashka Loginov, Ivashka Serpukhovitin, Tishka Dutovo, Bogdashka Onanin, Mitka Larin, Vaska Romanov, Savka Poltev, Izmailik Kostin, Fedka Maslenikov, foreman Bogdashka Gorbunov, Yakushka Koluzheninov, Kireika Myagkovo, Mitka Ostapov, Bogdashka Yurakov, Petrushka Visogor, Senka Milkov, Bogdashka Vodostoev. The geographical nicknames of some Cossacks are striking: Kaluzheninov, Meshchaninov, Serpukhovitin. There is no information about the number and origin of the Novgorod-Seversk Cossacks of the early 17th century, but there is no doubt that the local Cossack contingent was formed from people from southern and central Russia. A little later, the niche of the Russian Cossacks of Novgorod-Seversky (transferred to the Seversk cities) was occupied by the Cherkassy.

Oskol Cossacks have appeared on the historical scene since the 1570s. In those years, after official approval, the guard and stanitsa service was just being deployed; the so-called Oskol River was built. Ust-Ublinsky fort. Military men alternately served in it - boyar children and Cossacks from Dedilov, Dankov, Krapivna, Novosil, etc.

Most likely, some local population groups of Pooskolye, like the Putivl Sevryuks, were called “Oskol Cossacks”. The latter are present in scribe books for [Stary] Oskol until the 1640s. It is interesting that stellate sturgeons are not noted in the census sources of that time as landowners. So, for example, in the scribe book of 1643, when describing the lands of the monastery of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker (located on the Kholkovo settlement), a certain fishing site for the sturgeon fish of Ageika Golenishchev was noted: “along the river along Oskol to the stellate sturgeon hut to Ageikov Bayarak Golenishchev three miles”. That is, Agey Golenishchev had some kind of latrine business here...

During the construction of the city of Tsarev-Borisov in the Wild Field, which took place in 1599, local governors tried in every possible way to attract Donetsk Cossacks living on the banks of the Seversky Donets to guard and stanitsa services. The Cossacks were promised to retain their fishing grounds upon entering the civil service. Most likely, a certain number of Donetsk Cossacks entered service in the new Ukrainian cities: Belgorod, Oskol and Kursk; in the order of 1589 to the Putivite A. Zinoviev there is a mention of the free Cossacks of the Sem River (Seim).

Cherkasy also lived on the Seversky Donets: in 1588, 700 Ukrainian Cossacks with ataman Matvey Fedorov settled on its banks and performed guard duty. Speaking about the Donetsk Cossacks, one cannot fail to mention one moderately well-known character from among the Belgorod residents - the sturgeon Zhadka Gorbun (in a number of sources called Zhaden, Zhdanka). Zhdanka is interesting because in the period from 1620 to 1640 he managed to be in several social forms: a merchant, a walking man, a sturgeon and a Donetsk Cossack. In the scribe book for the Belgorod district of 1625/26, the Hunchback’s courtyard is recorded in the settlement of merchants and artisans who paid rent to the sovereign’s treasury. Later, during the Cherkassy attack on Belgorod in the spring of 1633, Zhadka Gorbun “surfaces” as a Donetsk Cossack, and attested in the role of the Cossack initial person (always indicated at the very beginning of the list).

For the third time, Zhadka the Hunchback was recorded as a sturgeon - a walking person (i.e., not belonging to any class community). The essence of the matter is this. On December 2, 1639, the local Cherkassy centurion Gavrila Gavronsky brought the peasant of the St. Nicholas Monastery, Mikitka Malyutin, to the retreat house of the city of Chuguev. The centurion claimed that he somehow found out that Malyutin had stolen two tubs of honey from him. During the interrogation, Mikitka Malyutin said that he bought this honey from the sturgeon Zhadka the Hunchback. After Zhadka was detained, under torture it was found out that he personally visited the centurion Gavronsky on November 29 “I tore out fifty hives of bees in the bee farm.” The Belgorod walking man Ivashka Krasheninnik was also mentioned, who bought 15 pounds of stolen honey from Zhadka in the fishing grounds of Gorbun on the Seversky Donets. As the investigation progressed, it was established that Krasheninnik and Malyutin were accomplices of the Hunchback. The Chuguev administration requested that Krasheninnik be expelled from Belgorod for detective work, but the latter did not show up. Gavrila Gavronsky was strictly forbidden to carry out personal reprisals. After torture, Zhadka the Hunchback died of scurvy, Krasheninnik was detained in Belgorod. The result of the matter was the decision to “adjust” Malyutin, Krasheninnik, the widow and children of Zhadka the Hunchback for a ruble for 50 beehives. Thus, as we see from the incident, the Donetsk Cossacks consisted partly of local stellate sturgeons, having on-board fishing as one of their economic activities.

“Kamarichi, was a suburb of Sevskaya, near which Cossacks formerly lived, but Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, partly from them recruited and partly from other cities, soldiers of the Shepelev division settled 8 regiments, many of which under Peter the Great became soldiers and dragoons of the army, and when they were put into the capitation salary, the gentlemen received most of them as rewards, and now less than half of them remain state-owned" - wrote V.N. Tatishchev.

In the present case, by “Cossacks” the historian meant certain free “non-tax” people who populated the Komaritsa volost in the 17th century. Moreover, in the Komaritsa volost of the first half of the 17th century there are still references to local sturgeon. As a rule, these are its northern regions, the villages: Snytkino, Klinskoye, Trostnaya, Luboshevo, Litovnya, Lugan, Ivanovskaya, Shemyakino, Dubrovka, Grimovna.

Some Komaritsky sturgeons imprinted in their surnames the nickname of the former Seversk appanage prince Vasily Shemyaki (Shemyachich)- Shenyakovs (aka Shemyakovs, Shevyakovs) -: "Komaritsky volosts stellate sturgeon" Persha Shemyakov was given possession from the sovereign treasury of the village of Litovniki and the village of Sytichi - "for service from... the sovereign's palace Komaritsa volosts." When P. Shemyakov died, the village was owned by his sons, Savva and Vasily, who served in the town of Pereslavl-Zalessky outside Moscow. In addition, the Shemyakovs can also be found among the free, willing people of the Komaritsa volost, who went to the Don in 1646 to help the Cossack army.

Were Shemyakovs and in the Belgorod region. So, in the handout book of Khotmyzhsk 1640-42 you can meet a certain Foma Grigoriev Shenyakov, who in the “skask” about his and his father’s service gives interesting details - “He served in Belgorod in the self-propelled army, and his father lived in the Komaritsa volost. In the sovereign service in Khotmyzhsk from 148 (1640). In service he is on a gelding with a spear and a long arquebus.” But let's get back to the heart of the matter. In 1633, 600 so-called Danish Cossacks, taken from the 5th and 10th households (depending on the situation), were recruited from the Komaritsa datochny peasants to strengthen Sevsk during a possible siege. The datochny Cossacks were supposed to be armed with a arquebus, a spear and an ax. Service in the Sevsky prison was for them “according to ... the peasant line”“weekly”, then the garrison was replenished with a new batch of datniks, recruited according to the same scheme, in addition to everything “without help”. In addition, the Cossack garrison of Sevsk consisted of former Novgorod-Seversk soldiers and palace peasants recruited into permanent Cossack service. Datochny Cossacks participated in the so-called. “Northern Campaign” near Trubchevsk, occupied by the Lithuanians and a punitive expedition near the Cherkassy city of Borzna. The combat effectiveness of the Danish Cossacks was much lower than that of the garrison servicemen. There is a known case when the Sevsky governor Grigory Pushkin (on the occasion of the news of the arrival of Cherkas near Putivl) failed to collect the Danish Cossacks from two camps of the Komaritsa volost: “ and the Komaritskys, sir, the peasants of the volosts of the Brasovsky and Glodnevsky camp did not listen, the peasants themselves did not give the Cossacks to Sevesk, and the peasants themselves did not go to the siege of the Brasovsky and Glodnevsky and Radogozhsky camp in Sevesk.”. At the end of the Smolensk War, the datka Cossacks were returned to the category of palace peasants, some of them, however, received the sovereign's salary: “2 rubles and good cloth”.

This is a brief history of the Cossacks of Severshchina. As we see, there is a symbiosis of several ethnic and social formations - a free “non-draft” population that came to the southern Russian steppes, in all likelihood partly mixed with the remnants of the ancient north.

V.P. Zagorovsky The history of the entry of the central black earth into the Russian state in the 16th century. Voronezh, 1991, p. 110

Description of the presentation: The formation of a centralized Moscow state and the strengthening of its southwestern ones on slides

Formation of a centralized Moscow state and strengthening of its southwestern borders (XV – XVI centuries). Plan 1. From the Grand Duchy to the Moscow Kingdom. 2. The tasks of strengthening the southwestern borders of the Moscow kingdom. Creation of a watchdog service along the Seversky Donets. 3. Svyatogorsk and Bakhmut watchmen. “Holy Mountains” is the first permanent settlement in the Donetsk region. Formation of a buffer zone on the southwestern borders of the Moscow kingdom. 4. The Azov and Podontsovo regions are the territory of interethnic, interreligious, intercultural borderlands.

1. From the Grand Duchy - to the Moscow Kingdom. Chronology - 1276 - Moscow Principality - XIV century. The Moscow principality led the unification process in the second half of the 15th century. Moscow became the capital of a powerful state in 1480, under Ivan III (1462 -1505), the yoke of the Golden Horde - “standing on the Ugra” - was finally overthrown. - 1471 - 1521 Novgorod, Vyatka lands, Pskov, Smolensk, Ryazan principality, Chernigov-Starodub and Novgorod-Seversky principalities were annexed. The borders of Russia approached the lower reaches of the Desna and the middle reaches of the Seversky Donets. Since then, the settlement of the territory, which later became known as Sloboda Ukraine, began.

Since 1480, for almost 50 years in a row, hordes of Crimean Tatars invaded the Ukrainian lands. Having become a vassal of Turkey in 1475, the Crimean Khanate constantly participated in the Russian-Turkish wars on the side of Turkey.

Defensive fortified “features” were created along the border lines and guard and village service was organized. The fortified strips - “features” - stretched for hundreds of kilometers and were increasingly improved from year to year over many decades. They consisted of a chain of fortified cities, forts and stockades, forest aprons (blockages), tyns (logs driven into the ground), ditches and ramparts (in treeless spaces).

The purpose of the guard and village service was to monitor the movement of the Tatars, “so that military people. . . they didn’t come unknown to the war.” In 1571, on the instructions of Ivan IV, governor Mikhail Ivanovich Vorotynsky drew up a combat charter for the guard and village service. The charter defines the tasks and organization of service “on the field”; It was led by “watchmen”, “stanitsa” and “heads” sent from the cities with the horsemen assigned to them. Watchmen number 4-6, and sometimes 8-10 people. they went into the steppe for 4-5 days and conducted constant observation in a certain area. There were watchmen near and far. The villages, which apparently numbered as many horsemen as guards, moved along a set route, crossing the “wild field” over a large area of ​​300-400 km.

Sentry lights and “seunchi” messengers warned the surrounding villages and border governors about the arrival of the enemy, his strength and the direction of attack

According to the Vorotynsky census, on the left side of the Donets there were 7 watchmen, including Svyatogorsk and Bakhmutovskaya within the modern Donetsk region, and the villages should have reached the upper reaches of Torets and Bakhmut. To prevent sudden raids, the Moscow government at the beginning of the 12th century sent a guard and stanitsa service to the Seversky Donets, which was supposed to monitor the movements of the Tatars and inform the governors of the nearest cities about the Tatars crossing the water line.

From the 16th century The area “Holy Mountains” on the Seversky Donets is mentioned as a lookout point on the border of Muscovy with the Wild Field, through which the Muscovites were attacked more than once by the Tatars (in the “Notes on Moscow Affairs” of the Austrian ambassador Sigismund Herberstein in 1526, “warriors whom the sovereign, according to custom, keeps there on guard for the purpose of reconnaissance and deterring Tatar raids ... near the place of the Great Perevoz, near the Holy Mountains"; under 1555, the Nikon Chronicle reports: "How the governors came up Mzha and Kolomak, and a watchman from the Holy Mountains and a village resident came running to them Lavrenty Koltovsky sent a comrade with this message: the Tsar of the Crimean Donets has climbed over with many people and is going to the Ryazan and Tula Ukraine."

Svyatogorsk was officially mentioned (1571) in the so-called paintings of the Donetsk guards of princes Vorotynsky and Tyufyakin. The Nikon Chronicle also contains mention of the painting of Donetsk fortresses. Among others, Svyatogorskaya is named - the fifth watchman. The first, now known, testimony about Abbot Ephraim and the 12 monks of Svyatogorsk dates back to 1620. According to Moscow acts, the Svyatogorsk Hermitage annually received assistance from the royal salary in bread and money. An identical text is contained in the letter of complaint of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich (1624), addressed to the “black” priest Simeon.

Exercise. Answer the questions. 1. What event at the end of the 15th century accelerated the formation of a unified Russian state? 2. For what purpose did Ivan IV carry out reforms? 3. Why at the end of the 15th century did it become necessary to strengthen the southern borders of the Moscow kingdom? 4. What are the reasons for the advancement of the population in Poddontsovye and the formation of the Donetsk Cossacks?

Having touched upon the fate of Prince Mikhail Vorotynsky in a conversation about the Battle of Molodi, I remembered that I have a synopsis of a very interesting book relating to those times. I posted it a long time ago on one of the now dead forums. Let it be here too, maybe someone will be interested.

Book by Ivan Dmitrievich Belyaev (Russian pre-revolutionary historian) “On guard, stanitsa and field service in the Polish Ukraine of the Moscow State before Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich” (written in 1846). I think that it has some relation to the topic of the forum, and simply describes interesting and not very widely known pages of history.

Map of serif lines and guards of the 16th century:

07 Aug 2016

Polish Ukraine.

"Polish Ukrainian of the Moscow State
were called in our ancient official papers borders of North-Eastern Rus', neighboring the Volga, Don and even Dnieper steppes. These borders, not protected by nature and subject to frequent and devastating raids of the Horde, required constant and active defense, and therefore the Moscow Sovereigns, back in the 14th century, found it necessary to establish a permanent guard here, which would monitor the movements of the Horde and promptly notify the border governors and even the Sovereigns themselves..."

City Cossacks.

“...In the so-called Ukrainian or border cities (from the steppe) a special class of military service people was established, known as city ​​Cossacks. They were obliged to constantly be in service, travel in the steppe, watch the movements of the Tatars along the well-known steppe roads, called roads and sakmas, intercept languages, and deliver messages to the governors and the Sovereign, and in the event of an accidental raid by the Horde, to protect Ukrainian cities.

To this service free people from all classes were recruited; They received for their service a certain amount of land according to the articles, who was fit for which, they were exempted, with their families, from all taxes, and sometimes they were rewarded with a monetary salary. The weapons and horses had to be at their own expense...

...We do not yet have evidence of the time of the establishment of this class of service people. But we can say affirmatively that city ​​Cossacks should not be confused with either the Donskoys or Volga Cossacks, nor, however, with the Kaisaks, known among the Tatars: for these were free people, voluntarily or by circumstance, who formed special communities, independent of anyone and with their own government. City Cossacks, obviously, were established by the government and were completely dependent on it...

...During the reign of Ivan Vasilyevich IV city ​​Cossacks came under the jurisdiction Streletsky order and, along with the archers, they constituted a special category of troops, opposite to the nobles and boyar children, who were in the department of the Discharge. City Cossacks had special lists and books, as stated in the description of the Tsar’s Archives of 1575...”

The first news about guard, village and field service.

Apparently, information about the movement of the Horde was supplied to the Moscow princes by residents of Chervleny Yar, who had guards along the Khopr, Don, Bystraya and Tikhaya Sosna and in Voronezh. News of this dates back to 1360.

In 1380, having received reports about Mamai’s campaign, Dmitry Donskoy sent his servicemen (“strong gunmen”) to Bystraya and Tikhaya Sosna to observe the movement of the Tatars: Rodion Rzhevsky, Andrey Volosaty, Vasily Tupik and others. When the messengers slowed down, he sent other guards: Klimenta Polenina, Ivan Svatoslava and Gregory Sudok. On September 5, the guards Pyotr Gorsky and Karp Oleksin came with the guard and brought one of the significant Mamaev nobles in tongues. On the seventh, seven watchmen came running to the Grand Duke, one after another, constantly notifying about Mamai’s movements.

- City (Ryazan) Cossacks They are found for the first time in our chronicles under their own name in 1444 when describing the battle with Prince Mustafa.

With the expansion of the borders of the Moscow State to the south and east and with the subordination of the principalities of Nizhny Novgorod, Murom, Ryazan and others, watchmen against the Tatars of steel increase, and little by little take the form of a line of real fortifications along the entire southeastern borders of the State.

In 1468, Ivan III sent outposts or guards to Murom, Nizhny, Kostroma and Galich to guard against Kazan raids.

We regularly find news about permanent troops on the banks of the Oka in sources also from the time of Ivan III.

The Russian guard still stood on the Don, Bystraya and Quiet Sosna. Moreover, not only for monitoring the Horde, but also for pursuing the robbers. So in 1492, June 10th, village residents, boyar children, Fedor Koltovsky and Goryanin Sidorov, a total of 64 people, having caught up between Trudy and Bystraya Sosna, had a battle with Temesh, who was plundering the Oleksinsky volost at Voshan.

During the early childhood of Ivan IV, Temnikov was built and other cities in Ukraine were fortified, and the traveling guards and villagers penetrated far into the steppes: Donets, Don, Volga and other steppe rivers closest to the Crimea, the Nogai Horde and Kazan were already cordoned off by the Moscow guards who were traveling in all directions, from Alatyr and Temnikov to Rylsk and Putivl. ... The governors and governors of Ukrainian cities quickly received news of the enemy invasion and rushed to help each other.

Here's a typical description. “...In 1541, during the invasion of Sahib-Girey of Crimea, the Sovereign of Moscow constantly received news about his movements. On July 21st I sent my first letter Prince Mikulinsky. On July 25th I arrived in Moscow from Rylsk village resident Gabriel, penetrated to the Holy Mountains (the tract at the confluence of Oskol and the Donets). Same Gabriel stanitsa traveled around the steppe and came across the Sakmas, from which he concluded that the Crimean army extended to 100 thousand people or more. Then another village resident, Alexey Kutukov, came to the Sovereign, who spent the whole day watching the movements of the Crimeans on the Don and Sosna...”

In 1555, Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich established a new guard along the Volga, consisting of archers and Cossacks, to monitor the Nogais. This is how it is said in Artsybashev’s narrative: “The Emperor sent Streletsky’s head, Grigory Kaftyrev, with the archers, and (ataman) Fyodor Pavlov (with the Cossacks) to the Volga. He ordered them to guard the shipments from the Yusupov children, send them with Dervish-Aliy, and, according to the news, go to Astrakhan to help. ...

...These new guards were located in such a way that they could communicate with the guards along the Donets and Don, and mutually notify each other. And therefore, when, according to the news about the movement of the Yusupov children, the Emperor sent boyar Sheremetev and his comrades against them, they were met on the campaign by the watchman Svyatogorsky and sent by the village resident Lavrenty Koltovsky comrade who informed the governor that Devlet-Girey had crossed the Donets and was heading to the Ryazan and Tula Ukrainians.

I. Belyaev asks the question: “Is it not at this time that the Cossack Khoper Regiment, in which the remains of the banner granted by Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich are still kept?

According to news from 1556, it is clear that the Cossacks guarding Ukrainian cities had already begun to penetrate the steppes to attack the Crimeans. So, this year, in the month of March, Ataman Mikhailo Groshev walked from Rylsk to the steppe and brought languages ​​to the Emperor. Then, according to the Sovereign's decree, Dyak Rzhevsky, also with the Cossacks, walked from Putivl along the Dnieper; at the same time, Daniil Chulkov and Ivan Maltsov walked down the Don. Chulkov reached Azov and defeated the Tatars he encountered, and Rzhevsky, uniting with Kanevsky Cherkassy, penetrated to Islamkermen and took possession of the Ochakov fortress, fought off the Sanchaks of Taginsky and Ochakovsky and safely returned to Putivl with a lot of booty. Thus, all the steppes from our borders to the Crimean peninsula itself were crisscrossed with patrols of Moscow guards and villagers, who already ravaged the very uluses of the Crimeans and returned to their cities with booty.

07 Aug 2016

State of the village, guard and field service in 1571

“...In 1571, Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, wanting to give more order to the guard and village service, by his order dated January 1, appointed the most significant warrior of his time as its chief, Boyar Prince Mikhail Ivanovich Vorotynsky..." To assist him in examining and assigning guards on site, they were assigned: from the Crimean side Prince Mikhail Tyufyakin and clerk Rzhevsky (famous for the exploits of the steppe war and well acquainted with the Crimean steppes); With Nogai side- Yuri Bulgakov.

...Vorotynsky began the matter with detailed information and interrogations about the state of this service and everything in which it required changes, and that could be left in its original form, went through all the paintings and books about this service stored in the Discharge, called to Moscow and made detailed questions to village residents and watchmen.

From his research it is clear that under Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, 15 years before 1571, there was already a long chain of fortified cities throughout the steppe Ukraine, from Alatyr and Temnikov to Rylsk and Putivl, and that the guard service was under the jurisdiction of the Discharge Order, in which all the paintings of the villages and the guard were delivered.

Ukrainian cities mentioned in digit paintings can be divided according to their geographical location, to the front and rear. The first category included:
- Alatyr,
- Temnikov,
- Kadom,
- Shatsk,
- Ryazhsk,
- Donkov,
- Epifan,
- Pronsk,
- Mikhailov,
- Dedilov,
- Novosil,
- Mtsensk,
- Eagle ,
- Novgorod-Seversky,
- Rylsk,
- Putivl.

This was the front line of fortresses of the Moscow State, looking straight into the steppe and sending out its traveling villages and guards in all directions. Ahead of this line, in the steppe itself, in places, ditches, abatis, slaughters on rivers and other field fortifications had already been made, forming a new chain of difficulties for Tatar raids; This chain in certain places, as well as cities, was guarded by guards.

The second line of fortified cities, the internal one, so to speak, consisted of:
- Nizhny Novgorod ,
- Murom;
- Meshchera;
- Kasimov;
- Ryazan;
- Kashira;
- Tula;
- Serpukhov;
- Zvenigorod.

Almost all of these cities are located along the Oka, which here formed the solid border of the State and, as we have seen before, was constantly guarded by significant troops. Inland cities, in case of need, sent their service people to the front line.

Each of these cities had its own governors and siege heads with detachments of service people: boyar children, Cossacks and archers (from the time of Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich). The Streltsy were actually urban warriors, very rarely sent to the steppes and abatis; boyar children and Cossacks along with stellate sturgeons and serving Tatars, were divided into city and regimental, as well as village and guard.

The first ones were used only to protect cities and to repel the enemy at the borders, the latter in turn sent to the steppe for travel and to guard the guardhouses, and were divided into villagers, leaders and watchmen. For guard service they received a special salary, higher than that of a regimental or city officer, and were satisfied from the treasury for all damages and losses that could happen while traveling. Horses, harnesses and weapons when sent to the steppe were valued by the governors, who entered this price in special books, and according to these books they issued rewards in case of losses and damages. The government apparently attracted the best people to this important service.

All Ukrainian cities and, it seems, the guards of the Tsar had special drawings and lists, indicating the state of the fortifications, how many troops they had and what kind. So, the Moscow government could verify every report about enemy movements with plans and maps and, depending on the need, move border troops from one point to another, and reinforce places threatened by greater danger, which we will see later.

... From the front line of cities in different directions, four days and five days away from the city, and often closer, guards or dens were appointed in the steppe, separated from each other by a day, very rarely by two, and more often by half a day of travel and closer. These watchmen were in constant communication with each other and formed several unbroken lines that crossed all the steppe roads along which the Tatars went to Rus'.

They stretched in several groups from the upper reaches of the Sura to Semi, and then from Semi they turned to Vorskla and Don. The first, easternmost group, walked in a convex line from Barysh, a tributary of the Sura, to Lomov, a tributary of the Tsna; the second from Tsna to Ryas, a tributary of Voronezh; the third from Ryas, along Bystraya Sosna and its tributaries to the upper reaches of the Oka; fourth along the tributaries of the Semi; the fifth from Semi to Sula, Psl and Vorskla; and the sixth along the tributaries of the Vorskla and Donets to the mouth of the Aidar, in the very depths of the Ukrainian steppes, almost in front of the Crimean nomads. Before 1571, there were 73 watchmen, and according to official lists they were divided into 12 categories.

Level 1: Donetsk watchmen , the farthest; there were seven of them:
1st watchman between Mzha and Kolomaka;
2nd Obininskaya;
3rd Bolykleyskaya;
4th Sovinskaya and Izyumskaya;
5th Svyatogorskaya;
6th Bakhmutskaya mouth of the Black Stallion;
7th Aydarskaya.

Level 2: Putivl watchmen , near and far. Three nearby:
1st between Psla and Vorskla;
2nd between Psla and Semi;
3rd on Sakli near Belaya Vezha.
The furthest four:
1st up the Semi on Mokoshevichi;
2nd on Semi and on Razsokha on the swamp on Volosovitsy;
3rd down the Semi to Ust-Zimovye;
4th at the White Coast.

Level 3: Rylsky watchmen . There are two of them:
1st on Semi on Pnevitsy, below Rylsk 15 versts;
2nd on Koryzha, 40 versts from Rylsk.

Level 4: Watchmen along the Sosna, Don, Mechi and other Polish rivers and tracts . There are 14 guards in total:
1st on Sosna ust Liven;
2nd at the mouth of Sernava;
3rd on Ust-Vorgla;
4th at Tiletsky Ford on Sosna;
5th on the Don near the Galich Mountains;
6th at Krivoy Bor;
7th on the Don on the Nogai side, Ust Skverny, opposite the Romantsevsky forest;
8th to the top of Fel;
9th to the top Kobelshiya Yagodny;
10th to top Cassock;
11th on Mechi Ust-Myshkovsky Ford;
12th on the same Swords between Zelenkov and Sementsov Ford;
13th on Vyazovka above the Vyazovsky mouth on the Dryginskaya road;
14th up Vyazovka on Turmyshevskaya road.

All these watchmen go to the steppe from the cities at 60, 40 and 20 versts.

Level 5: Watchman Epifanskaya , to the top of Sukromna and Nepryadva.

Level 6: Watchmen Dedilovsky . Five watchman:
1st on Death on Kamenny Ford;
2nd at Volov Lake;
3rd to the top of Upa;
4th near Muravskaya road;
5th at Kuzemkina's oubrovs.

Level 7: Watchmen Novosilskie . There are 11 of them:
1st to the top of the Lyubovsha River against Sudbischa;
2nd at the bush opposite Arivsky Ustoyu;
3rd on Lyubovsha and Ust-Korytnova;
4th on Sosna Ust-Rechitsa;
5th on Sosna ust Khvoshchny;
6th on the ridge between Nerestryazh and Yakovlevsky forests;
7th beyond Zusheya to the top of the large Rakovetsky valley and Polovtsian forests;
8th on the Pshevsky mound against Novosil;
9th at the Zarachunsky mound;
10th on Vezhki on the small ones under the Novosilsky forest;
11th Ust-river Kikolina near the Kolonensky forest on the horn.

Rank 8: Mtsensk watchmen . There are four of them:
1st Ust-Kolpny;
2nd on Sosna in Lukovets;
3rd on Neruchi Ust-Ozeren;
4th on Neruchi and the Long Well.

Level 9: Watchmen Orlovsky and Karachevsky . There are 13 of them:
1st on Semi against the Goroden settlement;
2nd to the top of Bobrok;
3rd on Molodovaya River;
4th to top Points;
5th on the Point at the Bystry Ford;
6th on the same Ust-Krom road;
7th on Dubrovo behind the Vyisky forest;
8th on Tsna on the Zhidomorsky settlement;
9th on Tsna on the Zvenigorod road;
10th to the top Oleshan;
11th behind the Eye under the Ship;
12th on Voltukha in the Pristina settlement;
13th between Voltukha and Rybnitsa.

10th rank: Watchmen Meshchersky . There are four of them:
1st on the Kargonachka river, and that river flowed into the Barysh river, and the Barysh river flowed into the Sura below the Barancheev settlement on the right side;
2nd on the river on Shoksha between Sura and Mokshinsky forest;
3rd to the top of the Lomovaya River;
4th to the top Water.

Rank 11: Watchmen Shatsky. Only two watchmen:
1st near Lipovitsky forest;
2nd on Chulnavoy Ust-Lamki.

12th rank: Ryazhsky watchmen. There are three of them:
1st in Voronezh under the large Yuryevsky forest near Khobot;
2nd to the top of Lomovaya near the Nogai road;
3rd on Big Ryaski, on the road from Ryaski in Ust-Voronezh.

07 Aug 2016

Reform of the guard, village and field service in 1571 (voivode Mikhailo Ivanovich Vorotynsky)

After collecting detailed information about the state of the guard and village service, he began to draw up a general code or charter for this service, and on February 10, 1571, with the Tsar’s approval, he issued this charter. … Here he is:

“Summer 7070 February on the 16th day according to the Sovereign Tsarev and V. Prince Ivan Vasilyevich of All Russia by order Boyar Prince Mikhailo Ivanovich Vorotynsky sentenced with boyar children, with village heads and the villagers about the Putivl, and about the Tula, and about the Ryazan, and about the Meshchersky villages, and about all the Ukrainian and distant and about the nearby ones, about the monthly watchmen and about the watchmen, from which city to which tract it is easier and more profitable for the villagers to travel, and on which watchmen and from which cities, and since a person places watchmen on which watchman; who were watchmen on the Crimean and Nogai sides, where it would be more profitable for the Sovereign’s cause and more careful for the Sovereign’s Ukraine, so that military people would not come to the Sovereign’s Ukraine in war unknown.

And the villagers should go to their tracts and stand guard in those places that would be cautious, where they could see military people.

And stand as a watchman on guards from their horses without riding, alternating, and ride through the tracts, alternating to the right and to the left, two people at a time, according to the orders that the governors give them.

But they shouldn’t make camps, and they shouldn’t put fires in one place; if they’re cooking porridge, then don’t put fire in the same place twice; and in which place someone spent half the day and in that place do not spend the night; and in the forests there is no place for them, but one for them in places where it would be careful.

And where the villagers or guards of the military people will lie in wait, and the villagers with that news will send their comrades to the Sovereign Ukrainian cities that are closer; and drive behind people along the streets, and through the villages, and through the camps of people; and having traveled through Sakmami and swept away people, and with that news and suddenly send your comrades to the same cities that are closer, and order to go after those people, on the right or on the left, whose roads are closer; so that the news would be before the military people, in the Sovereign Ukrainian cities, earlier, not close to them.

And which heads and watchmen stand on their right or left, send them to those heads and to the watchmen with a message from themselves.

And if the Tsar or the Tsarevs, or many military people go, send them to those heads and to those guards for the same reason, and order them to go to the same place, and take off with them at that hour.

And it will happen that the heads or guards will not come to them soon, and they will drive along the sakma themselves, according to the order, without hesitating, and not wait for the heads and guards.

And after those deportations, having moved around Sakma, for two or three days, or more or less, but depending on the case and their course, and sweeping across the camps, and throughout Sakma, it’s much the same to send out shifts, and they themselves go for people sakma, or where and not sakma, which places are more suitable, leaving the sakma on the right or left, and drive carefully and cautiously, and take care of that tightly, to which the Sovereign of Ukraine military people will go, and having learned about it much, they themselves with the news with genuine haste to those cities where military people will go.

And whoever the villagers suspect people in distant areas, and send them three or four or how many will be more convenient, looking at the people and the case, from which places are more useful, and not from one place, to which the Ukrainians are closer, and not to Putivl and not to Rylsk; so that, having truly learned about the people to which places they will go, we ourselves, with the real news, hasten quickly to those cities to which places they will go.

And the watchman, suspecting people, sends his comrades with news to those cities from which cities, who goes to the watchman; and the rest of the watchman will go to the sakmy, and move the sakmy, and sweep away people; and having swept people away, hurry to those cities to which the Ukrainian military people will go.

And without having been to the sakma and without sweeping away the people and not knowing exactly which places the military people will go to, do not go as a stanitsa and a watchman with false news, and without waiting for a change in the watchman’s guardhouse, do not leave the watchman.

And those watchmen, without waiting for the exchanges, will leave the guards, and in those days the Sovereign Ukrainians will start a war from the military people, and that watchman from the Sovereign Tsar and the Grand Duke will be executed by death.

And those watchmen who are on watch will spend extra days on duty, and their comrades on the exchange will not come to them on those days; and for those watchmen for disobedience, pay those watchmen who stand extra days for them through their term, half a half per person per day.

And which villagers and guards the governor or whose heads will send to surveil on the tracts and on the guards; but they will hear that they stand carelessly and carelessly and do not reach the tracts, and although they do not expect the arrival of military people, they will beat those villagers and guards with a whip for that.

And to which governors from which cities or heads those watchmen will be ordered, and to those governors and heads over the watchmen, see to it that the watchmen have good horses, and ride on the guards, on which they guard, about two horses, on which the horses are good seeing people leave, but they wouldn’t let go of the skinny horses alone as guards.

And if the guards do not have good horses, the governors and the heads of the guards should have good horses, so that the guard horses would be fearless to ride, so that the State Ukrainians would not be unknown to them.

And which villagers or guards the governors or heads will release to the villages and as guards; and the governors and heads should strictly punish the village residents and guards about everything according to the order; and look after their horses, so that they have good horses, and whoever has bad horses, and an emergency parcel happens, and under those watchmen, immediately order the governors and heads to correct the horses on their heads.

But it will be necessary soon, and there will be some corrections on them, and order the governors to put good horses under those guards at their heads; but those heads won’t have enough horses to give as guards, and the governors, appreciating the good horses of their soldiers, will send guards on those horses; and I will pay 4 altyns per day for each horse on the heads of those horses, and give that money to those people from whom the horses eat.

And whoever's watchman loses or spoils his horses, and for those horses, at the price of money, he will add them to the guards' heads, and give them to those boyar children whose horses are lost or spoiled.

And go to the villages from Putivl or from Rylsk, where you can look at this painting. And the first village to go to the field in the spring, April on the 1st day; and go to another village on the 15th day of April; go to the third village on the 1st day of May; go to the fourth village of May on the 15th day; go to the fifth village on the 1st day of June; go to the sixth village on the 15th day of June; go to the seventh village of July on the 1st day; Go to the village of July on the 15th day; and in another row go to the first village of Augustus on the 1st day; and Augustus went to another village on the 15th day; go to the third village on the 1st day of September; go to the fourth village of September on the 15th day; go to the fifth village of October on the 1st day; go to the sixth village of October on the 15th day; go to the seventh village of November on the 1st day; Go to the village on the 15th day of November.

And if the villages will still need to travel, the snow will still not fall, and the villagers will be sent according to the same calculations; and send two villages per month, skipping two weeks a day between villages.

And which villages will go later in the fall and be released in the spring, which villages would go to this painting. But don’t send one village twice before another; as soon as a row of all the villages comes out, and again send them side by side, starting with the first one.

And the villagers should come to Putivl or Rylsk, from where the Tsar orders them to go, two weeks before their deadline, and be personally ready before their dispatch to that city.

And something that the village is being dispersed, and send the village to that place, for which the village will be brought next to the painting. And immediately send letters to other villages, and write down the dates for them according to which number of days to arrive, judging and calculating which village from which days to arrive.

And from Moscow from the Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke to Putivl to the Viceroy or to the governor, write letters monthly, and send the villages to the places where they look Prince Mikhailo Tyufyakin yes clerk Rzhevsky, where it is closer to the villages to travel from Putivl or from Rylsk. So that the villages are individually sent to the field from the dates that are written in this sentence - the first village on the 1st of April, and to those places to which the villages will take the villagers to go, to all the villages according to the list and according to the lists next to which he goes.

And which village is being dispersed or taken over, and not at the same time, and then send all the villages nearby, which are after which they travel, therefore letting two weeks pass between them.

And from which cities, and from which dates, and from which date in which month the governors or governors decide to release the villages in the field, and they should write about this to the Sovereign that hour with the first messenger and send the original signature to the Sovereign.

And on Donetsk watchmen send guards from Putivl or Rylsk from the spring for six weeks and with the passage of April from the 1st; and they have to travel as guards for six weeks and with passage. And after that, to release another article, therefore, considering and considering the distant and nearby guards, how they would move among the guards without delay, so that in that six weeks they would come to their place in Putivl or Rylsk, from where they would be released.

And as soon as all three positions of guards are bypassed, then suddenly send a row of guards for a month and with travel, again for the first article and for everyone in the row for now it will be more convenient, and stand on the guards as a watchman until the snow disappears. And so that the watchmen alone are not without watchmen for a single hour throughout the year, until the heavy snow falls, and without waiting for the change, the watchman does not move out alone.

And the heads of the villages and their comrades and the guards of the Donetsk, releasing them on the field to the villages and to the guards, the governor and governor valued their horses and junk according to the Sovereign's order.

And to which village or guards will be dispersed and their horses and junk will be caught, and for those horses and junk, according to the voivodeship’s replies and according to the price lists, money will be paid according to the previous custom.

And those village heads with their comrades will arrive at their tracts from the field, and they will be paid for the fare according to the previous custom.

And they were sent to the field by order of the Sovereign Prince Mikhailo Tyufyakin Yes, clerk Rzhevsky looks at places and fortresses, to which places and to which tracts it will be useful for the villages to go and in which places it is useful to post guards. And how will they look out from which cities and which places to go to the villages, and which places to be in? Donetsk watchmen, whether in old places or where in new places they will look. And then, according to their patrol and according to the list, as they write down, from which city the villages are sent and guards are placed on guards, therefore, two villages per month between them, skipping two weeks a day.

And the watchmen stand guard for almost a week in the spring, and for a month in the fall, and then they have to pass. And send another and a third for the first village according to the instructions.

And from what dates and from what date, and in what month will the governors instruct the guards in the field to be released, and write about this to the Sovereign at the same hour with the first messenger and therefore send a genuine signature, from which dates they will release.

A on the Donetsk watchmen and from all Ukrainian cities, put April as watchmen on Polish watchmen from the 1st; and place guards until those places where the snow falls heavily.”

Following the drawing up of a general charter on stanitsa and guard service in the Ukraine and the steppe, the general verdict of the Boyar Duma on February 18th abolished some articles of the previous regulations.

Firstly, the previous guards from Ryazan along both Sosny and Don were abolished. Instead of them, Cossacks from all Ukrainian cities were ordered to go to those guard posts according to the painting, while the Ryazan guards were ordered to be transferred to the regimental service.

In 2, the right to hire Putivl sturgeons for the steppe service, who, due to negligence and oversight, were recognized as incapable, was destroyed.

In 3, it was decided to place six guards on each guard instead of the previous four. However, whether this sentence was approved by the Emperor is unknown.

February 21 Prince Mikhailo Ivanovich Vorotynsky, after discussion with the stanitsa heads, stanitsa residents and leaders, he sentenced, to supervise the serviceability of the guards, to appoint four standing heads with special detachments of stanitsa residents, who with their travels were supposed to cover the entire space of the steppe from the Volga to Vorona, Oskol and Donets. According to the location placed in the verdict:
The 1st head from Kazan was supposed to stand on the steppe under Karaman forest;
2nd from Shatsk on Don, on Nogai side, in Deshki, above Ursa and Khopr;
3rd from Dedilov on Oskol Ust-Ubli and in other places where it is more convenient;
4th from Orel on the steppe at Semi Ust-Khonu.
The village people of these cities should be in service, changing every six weeks and dividing into three articles.

The designated traveling places were:
- the first head along the mountainous side of the Volga to the city of Tetyushkov takes about four days, and to the hem of the Volga to the top of Bolykley takes about three days or less;
- the 2nd head to cross the ridges to the right beyond the Don to the top of Aidar for two days, and to the left to the Volga to Ust-Bolykley for 4 days;
- 3rd head cross the ridges to the left to Ust-Semi Donetsk, and then cross Sem, and go to the top of Korocha and Koreni, traveling for two days or two days and a half, and to the right cross the top of Reuti, and driving for two days or less;
- For the 4th head, move the ridges to the left to the top of Aidara, the ride is about 4 days, and to the right, cross the ridges up Oskol to Koroche and to Koreni, in two days or two and a half days.

With these heads, people from different cities are assigned to be stanitsa.
- At the first head from Kazan, Sviyazhsk, Alator, Temnikov, Kadoma, Shatsk and Ryazhsk, a total of 135 children of the Boyars, Cossacks, Tatars, Chuvashes and Mordovians.
- With the 2nd head from the cities of Shatsk, Ryazhsk, Donkov, Temnikov, Kadoma and Alatyr, a total of 120 children of the Boyars, Cossacks, Tatars and Mordovians.
- With the 3rd head from Dedilov, Kropivnna, Donkov, Novosil, Mtsensk and Orel, a total of 100 children of the Boyars and Cossacks.
- With the 4th head from Orel, Mtsensk, Novosil, Dedilov and Krapivna, a total of 96 children of the Boyars and Cossacks.
This number of people in the villages according to the sentence was assigned unchanged in each of the three articles, changing alternately. So in all three articles, with four heads, there were 1353 people in the service, always ready for battle and dispatch.

Bye Prince Vorotynsky made orders in Moscow regarding the steppe Ukrainian service, at the same time sent to inspect all the villages and guards on the spot, with Crimean side Prince Mikhailo Tyufyakin and clerk Rzhevsky, and from Nogai Yuri Bulgakov and Boris Khokhlov, personally examined them in the same year.

According to their watch, many of the former guards were replaced by new ones in accordance with the terrain and circumstances, all the crossings were determined and marks were left for the riders where they should meet each other.

The Donetsk, Rylsky and Putivl guards especially underwent great changes; their line moved far forward, so that it captured the entire course of Voroskl to the Dnieper, the Dnieper reached Samara, and Samara to the upper reaches of the Tor and Mius, from where it reached the Don to the mouth Long Well and to Azov. And to supervise this line Prince Tyufyakin special standing heads were appointed from Putivl and from Rylsk, which were also assigned patrols for sending villages and it was determined that the first head should stand on Merle; 2nd at the Salt Lakes; 3rd to the top of Thor and Mius; 4th on the upper reaches of the Vorskla, and 5th in Adalazh level.

However, Prince Tyufyakin did not have time to finish his patrol of all the guards; for between Samara and Arel a watchman came running to him with the news of Devlet-Girey’s campaign against the Moscow Ukraine. And therefore, the order regarding the uninspected guards was made according to the tales of the atamans Sava Sukhoruk and Stepana Sukovina, with comrades.

07 Aug 2016

Decree on burning the steppes

... In order to deprive the Crimeans as much as possible of the opportunity to hide their raids from our steppe guards, after the removal of Devlet-Girey, Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, in October 1571, ordered Boyar Prince Vorotynsky burn the steppe in different places, depending on where it is more convenient, in order to thus deprive the Crimeans of the opportunity to hide their movements and deprive them of the grazing food that is so necessary for long and fast raids across the steppes.

Here is the Boyarsky verdict in this case...: “In the summer of October 7080 on ... day according to the Sovereign Tsarev and V.K. Ivan Vasilyevich of All Russia decree Boyar Prince Mikhailo Ivanovich Vorotynsky and the comrades sentenced: from which Ukrainian cities and what pores, and to which places and to which tracts, and to which places, and how many villages from the city, and how many people in the village to go to the field and burn the field; and they painted the Ukrainian cities and from those cities the villages and Polish tracts truly separately. And burn a field in the autumn in October or November when it is frosty and how much the grass on the field dries up, without waiting for snow, but waiting for the wet and dry pores; so that the wind would be from the Sovereign Ukrainian cities to the Polish (steppe) side, or whatever will be more convenient; and close to Ukrainian cities, forests and forest fences and all kinds of fortresses in which fortresses have been built in response to the arrival of military people, strictly protect them from fire, and do not let fire come close to them and do not burn them. And according to that sentence, to write instructions to all the Ukrainian cities to the governors and to the siege heads, and in the fall to send to them the Sovereign’s letters in September, and the paintings on which will be burned in the field.”

And then a list was drawn up in which the following nine cities were designated from where to send villages to light the steppe: Meshchera, Donkov, Dedilov, Kropivna, Novosil, Mtsensk, Orel, Rylsk and Putivl. According to this painting, the fire covered a huge expanse of steppe from the upper reaches of the Vorona to the Dnieper and Desna. It should have been produced by three broken lines.
The 1st line, partly facing the Nogai and partly the Crimean side, began from the upper reaches of the Vorona and went through Sulovaya, Elan, Bityuk, Don and Tikhaya Sosna until the Valuya flows into Oskol, over a space of more than five hundred versts;
The 2nd began almost from the mouth of Voronezh and stretched west, through Oskol, the upper reaches of the Semi and Oka, almost to the confluence of the Tsna and the Desna, over a space of over six hundred miles;
The 3rd, westernmost, began at the upper reaches of the Donets and went first straight west to the Psl, then turned south to the Vorskl, and in the direction of this river reached the Dnieper and, finally, along the Dnieper, ending at the mouth of the Psl, in a space not less than 400 versts. Thus, these three lines burned out all possible roads of the Nogai and Crimean Tatars.

Guard and village service in 1574 - 1586 (voivode Nikita Romanovich Yuryev)

In 1573, it was established as an indispensable rule when traveling around the villages according to the paintings that the villagers, meeting on the tracts, changed their signs, so that in this way the commanders could see that the villages had reached certain tracts. This seems to have been Vorotynsky's last order.

In 1574, in February, a new chief of the guard and village service was appointed. ... Under him, at first the order of village patrols and the watchman remained the same. The new boss, for the first time, found it necessary to provide his subordinates with good local salaries and cash salaries, which was approved in the same year by the general verdict of the Boyar Duma.

... In 1575, the line of Ukrainian fortifications advanced to Sosnu Ust-Leven, where this year the Emperor sent governors Mikhail Dolmatovich Karpov, yes Ivashkina. And also in other places it moved forward: Bryansk, Pochep, Starodub, Novosil, Bolkhov, Odoev, Plova, Solova, Venev, Serpeisk, Kaluga, Mokshansk and Oskol entered it; of these, some have been rebuilt, while others have been strengthened and are more suitable for border service.

All this prompted Boyarin Nikita Romanovich Yuryev in 1576, make new inquiries to the village heads, village residents, leaders and watchmen regarding the steppe guards and patrols. ... That same year, on March 15, according to the verdict Boyar Prince Ivan Fedorovich Mstislavsky, Prince Peter Danilovich Pronsky And Nikita Romanovich Yuryev, yes Andrei's clerks yes Vasily Shchelkov, some changes have been made to the service... Firstly, the heads standing on Don Ust-Tulcheeva, translated to Don Ust-Bogaty Zaton, because the former places became known to the Crimeans and Nogais. Secondly, the watchmen from Oskol to Kozinskaya Polyana transferred to Oskol and Ust-Ubli. Thirdly, the previous indispensable rule to send watchmen to the steppe by the first of April was canceled, and instead it was appointed to take into account the time of the opening of spring. Fourthly, they were appointed governors for Sosnu Ust-Leven Prince Ivan Okhlyabnin And Mikhailo Nazarev.

...At the same time, a schedule was made of which cities from which service people should be on guard and from what salary. According to this order it is appointed:
1st: on the Donetsk watchmen to guard the Boyar children from Putivl and from Rylsk, at local salaries and from cash salaries;
2nd: on the nearby Putivl and Rylsk watchmen, local and non-local townspeople from Putivl, from Rylsk and from Novgorod Seversky;
3rd: on Mtsensk and Karachevsk local and non-local guards for Boyarsky children from Mtsensk and Karachev, at local salaries and cash salaries, which they receive at the same salaries as people serving in the city;
4th: on the guards of the Oryol, Novosilsky, Dedilovsky, Donkovsky, Epifanovsky, Shatsky and Ryazhsky Cossacks of those cities from the lands and from the monetary salary according to the sentence;
5th: on the Kadomsky watchmen and Temnikovsky Tatars and Mordovians from the local lands;
and 6th: the Cossacks will guard the Alator guards by order of the Kazan Palace.

Following such orders, letters were sent to the Ukrainian governors and siege leaders and with them paintings of guards, villages, and tracts. These letters instructed the voivodes and siege commanders to act mutually, each voivode or siege commander with other nearby ones, to communicate with each other as often as possible, to notify the Sovereign and the Discharge Order about all enemy movements, and with each dispatch of guards to send detailed statements to the Discharge, who and when sent.

Regarding the placement of the four standing heads appointed by Vorotynsky in 1571, Boyarin Nikita Romanovich Yuriev made a change in accordance with the circumstances, namely: he left in the same place only Dedilovsky’s head, standing on Oskol Ust-Ubli; Orlovsky was transferred from Semi to Northern Donets Ust-Ud; Shatsky from Khopr and Ursa to Don Ust-Bogaty Zaton, and Kazansky under Tileorman forest.

In 1577, the Tsar, in accordance with the circumstances, made several changes in the guard and village service in the steppe Ukraine.

Firstly: in March of this year, by Sovereign order, governors were abolished for Sosne Ust-Leven, for it was learned from experience that the Donetsk, Oskol and Don standing heads go deeper into the steppe further than the Livensky governors and come ahead of them with news about the Crimean and Nogai people. The same order determined that Ukrainian governors and siege leaders would send Boyar children to the villages only on the basis of news about military people, and would not send the villages without news, and thus would not cause unnecessary languor to the serving people.

Secondly: a new order followed regarding the outfit of Boyar children in the villages with their heads standing. In February 1577, those who were in the village service filed a complaint that when the Boyar children were appointed by Ukrainian governors for the second and third shifts, people who were thin, unarmed and completely incapable of serving in the steppe were sent to serve.

As a result of such a complaint Boyarin Nikita Romanovich Yuriev made a report to the Sovereign and, having received royal approval, appointed the Boyar children to be sent to the steppe stanitsa service for the second and third breaks, as well as for the first, at the choice of the clerks of the Rank Order, and not according to the voivodship orders. And choose clerks for all three shifts in the winter, so that the selected people of the second and third shift, during the period of the first shift, live at home and, at the first news, are ready to go on a campaign, without waiting for special deportees. And for this purpose, send two lists from the Discharge to selected people, so that one will be with the village heads, and the other with the governors of those cities in which city, according to the list, they are assigned to serve.

Moreover, a special painting was drawn up for the village people and standing heads. In this list, in conclusion, it is said that Boyar children should be chosen for the village service in February, and, moreover, the best people, about whom, from the city regiments, it was known that they could carry out the steppe service with success, and twice in a row the same People should not be sent to steppe service, unless in case of extreme need, or at their will.

Thirdly, in the same year, according to the Boyarsky verdict, special watchmen were established to supervise the watchmen, so that the watchmen would stand on guard carefully and cautiously, and the watchman would not leave without changing. Moreover, the immediate supervision of the watchmen was entrusted to the siege leaders, who were obliged to answer to the governors and governors of Ukrainian cities for malfunctions.

It was their responsibility to ensure that the guards on guard had good horses, on which horses, having seen military men, could ride away, and that each watchman for guard duty had two good horses, or a gelding that was kind to the horse, so that one change was not delayed before another. And therefore, in the event of a failure to appear at the time of the next shift, the losses from the unnecessary downtime of the first shift were recovered from the siege heads. According to the same order Prince Vorotynsky monthly guards were in charge of the Cossack heads sent with them, and all losses were corrected on these heads, from which there was often nothing to rule, because the governors, according to their calculations, often sent insufficient people to guard duty.

Fourthly: a strict review was made of the Ukrainian watchmen, and those fit for the guard service were left and replaced with excess local salaries and cash salaries, and those unfit were transferred to the ordinary service in the city, and the best of the city servicemen were chosen in their place.

1578, although the location of the watchman was left the same, but, nevertheless, the rank list of this year shows that the villagers, with their heads standing, moved a lot forward and left the Don and its tributaries far behind them. So, the Putivl villages are assigned, depending on the news, to make trips to the upper reaches of the Tor, along Mius, Samara, and along Areli to the Dnieper to the Dog's Bones. Tula to Mzhu and Kolomak on Muravsky Way. Ryazansky to Seversky Donets and Holy Mountains; and Meshchersky down the Don, to Volga Perevolok, where the Nogai road to Crimea and from Crimea to Nogai usually lay.

The Crimeans, pursued everywhere by watchmen, paved new roads, but even here their successes were not long-lasting; watchmen found these new paths and reported to the Moscow government, which immediately took its own measures. So in 1579, our watchmen opened a new road for the Crimeans through Kalmiyus, which from Kalmiyus went through the Donets over Ridged mountains half a day before Discord, and one and a half or two days from Azov between the rivers, of which the rivers on the right side of the road fell into the Don, and on the left into the Donets.

To cross this road, the village heads were gathered in council, who, through questioning, showed that for this it would be enough to strengthen the standing heads by Oskol Ust-Ubli and on Don Ust-Bogaty Zaton. And for this reason Boyarin Nikita Romanovich Yuriev He so skillfully arranged the routes of these two heads that they covered all the paths of the Crimeans and constantly communicated with each other; Moreover, some changes were made in the location of the neighboring guardhouses.

Firstly, he significantly strengthened the detachments of villagers and riders under the indicated heads, namely:
1st: according to the painting of 1579, 50 people were appointed to each head;
in two ways: the Oskol head is determined to keep sidings on the left past Kotelskaya up to the sources of Valuika, where he will join the villages from the Donskoy head, then drive back from the sources of Valuika along the left bank of the Sosna and, having crossed the Sosna under the Kamenny Ford, go up the Userd to Oskol Ust-Ubli across Kalmiu road; in addition, keep guards at Kotelsky forest, for this is the very point that cannot be avoided when walking along Kalmiyu way;
in 3, for the Don Head, the previous patrols were left to the right up the Tikhaya Sosna along the right bank, to the source of the Voluika, where they connect with the Oskol villages, and occasionally send villages to the left along the Don to the Chalk Mountains to protect the Ryazan and Meshchera regions. In the event of news of the Khan's campaign, place a guard along the Semi above the chalk ford of Ust-Eshchina, with which the guards will drive to the right down the Semi to Ust-Khon, and to the left up the Semi to Kotluban to the Yushkov boyar, in order to guard the Crimeans who will go through the Donets and Muravsky way;
in 4: The Don watchmen were also strengthened, and two of them were assigned to supervise the others, but their travels were left as before, to the mouth of the Aidar, and, finally,
in the 5th the traveling of heads standing under Tileorman forest, between Don and Volga.

... How far the severity of discipline in this service reached during the time of Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, this can be seen from the fact that every year detailed lists were delivered to the Discharge to all guards and villages who were present during the year, in which the lists clearly showed all arrivals for service, with the meaning who was on the road for how many days and for how long did he appear at his appointed place, and who replaced him and when.

Here is one excerpt from such a painting that speaks excellently in its favor:

“The painting in which places the heads stood on the field to protect against the arrival of military people last year 85 from spring to winter, changing by month. And they stood there for two months at a time; and the people with them were Boyar children and Cossacks from Ukrainian cities according to the painting.

And in which places, and who the names of the heads on the field stood in place and from which cities and the number of people with them, the children of the boyars and Cossacks were and to which places from the heads of the village they went, and there was a painting:

In the 1st place there were heads on the field on Donets on Seversky Ust-Ud: from spring Bryanchanin Ignatius Ondreev son Tyutchev; and he was ordered to go to the field from Rylsk. And Ignatius stood in Rylsk on a great day, on the 8th day of April; and from Rylsk he went to Radunitsa on the 15th day of April, on the Donets it became April on the 21st day, it was 10 days. And the people with him were Starodubtsev, Novogorodka Seversky, Pochaptsov, Bolkhovich, a total of 63 boyar children, and 30 Cossacks from Novosil and Orel, 15 people from the city; only 93 people.

Ignatya was exchanged by Bryanchanin Ivan Semichev, he became a term in Rylsk on Thursday in another week of Petrov's Lent, June on the 13th day; and on the Donets it became July on the 1st day. He lived in Rylsk and walked to the Donets for three weeks; and the people with him were the children of the boyars Bryanchan, Starodubtsy, Novgorod Seversky, Karachevtsev, Bolkhovich - 48 people in total; Yes, there are 30 Cossacks from Novosil and Orel, 15 people from the city, both 79 people.

Ivan was exchanged by Bryanchanin Afonasy Panyutin, arrived for a period in Rylsk on the 1st Wednesday on the Lady's days, on the 21st day of August, and on the Donets on the 1st day of September, went until Donets to Seversky 10 days And the people with him were the children of the boyars Bryanchan, Starodubtsev, Karachevtsev, Bolkhovich, a total of 49 people, and Cossacks from Novosil and 30 people from Orel, 15 people from the city; both 79 people.

And travel to the villages from those heads to the right along the bank to the top of Areli, and to the left along the Donets to Ust-Oskol and to the Holy Mountains, and to the Great Perevoz and to Ust-Aidar. And they sent heads in groups of 6 people, skipping between the villages for three days. And with the message, the village owner was ordered to run, who would cross the Sakma military people on top of the Berestovs through the Muravsky Way with three people to Ust-Ud to their heads, and the other three people should run with the message to Putivl, and they would arrive in Putivl in two days in four days. And which villagers will move Sakmu military people down the Donets, going to Oskol and to Ust-Aidar, and those villagers will run with news to the head to Ust-Ud, and the other three people to Novosil, and they will make it to Novosil with news of two horses in seven days, before the big people, before the military people came to the Ukraine, ten days or more.

Yes, even the Donetsk standing heads sent watchmen from themselves to monitor the children of the Boyar good people, two or three Putivl Donetsk watchmen on the right, who stood on top of Mzha and Kalomak, and on the left down the Donets on Shabalinskaya on Obyshkinskaya, on Bolykleyskaya and on Izyumskaya climbs " ...

07 Aug 2016

Guard and village service under Fyodor Ivanovich and Boris Fedorovich Godunov (1584 - 1605)

From the inquiries made in the Discharge Order to the village heads in 1586, it is clear that, in addition to watchmen and certain village patrols, there were also undefined village patrols, based on news of the movement of the Crimeans, who were sent from Tula, Ryazan and Meshchera, and which sometimes reached Azov.

During the first two years of the reign of Fyodor Ivanovich, the Ukrainian guard service did not undergo changes and was managed according to the previous schedules. But since 1586, by the verdict of Boyarin Nikita Romanovich Yuryev the line of Ukrainian cities advanced into the steppe as far as Sosna and the mouth of Voronezh.

It was this year, on March 1, that the decision was made to build two new cities, Livny and Voronezh. The first is on Sosnya, not reaching Oskol on two bottoms, and the second on Don and Voronezh, not reaching two bottoms from Bogaty Zaton. The first was ordered to be delivered to the governor Prince Volodimir Vasilyevich Koltsov-Mosalsky, yes to Lukyan Khrushchov; and the second governor Semyon Fedorovich Saburov, yes to Ivan Sudakov, yes to Mikhail Birkin.

These cities were built specifically for guard duty; the order to the said governors says: “And what will be the news on Livny about the arrival of military people in the Sovereign Ukraine, and from Livny sent with news to Voronezh; and therefore send messages from Voronezh to Livny, and take the roads that are closer and more careful. And set guards for the governors, looking for which places are nicer, and therefore send them to the villages to keep an eye on it, and write about it to the Tsar.”.

As a result of such an order, the governors sent watchman paintings, from which it can be seen that 13 watchmen were scheduled to be sent from Liven: 1st under the Kotel Forest; 2nd in Puzatsky forest; 3rd on Semi at the Chalk Ford; 4th top Long well, on Muravsky Way; 5th top Sneshen; 6th on Muravskaya road, under the Mokretsky forest; 7th on Sosna Ust-Trudov, above the city; 8th seater Pine Ust-Rechitsa; 9th seater Ust-Khvoshchina pine; 10th seater Ust-Kolitsa Pine; 11th seater on Sosna in Lukovets; 12th on Pine Ust-Kupach, below the city, 10 versts from the city; 13th on Sosne Ust-Chernav.

There are 12 watchmen from Voronezh. The first watchman is the neighbor, from mouth of Voronezh up the Don three miles. The second one is on the Don, about three miles away. The third is up the Don, near Krivobor. The fourth on the Don is the Upper Maidens. Fifth on the Don Galich mountains. The sixth along the Ryasskaya road and Donkovskaya road. The seventh along the Ryasskaya and Donkovskaya roads, on Rogu. Eighth up Voronezh, at Mishina's preponderance at the ford. The ninth beyond the Don, on the Crimean side, on Tikhaya Sosna, opposite the Vyazov Ford, under Ternovsky forest. 10th to the top Quiet Pine Ust-Userda, against the Stone Ford. 11th on the Crimean side, in the Kotelsky forest. 12th on the Nogai side of the Don, beyond Voronezh, on Bityuk, Ust-Chamlyka.

Around this time, the Ukrainian guard service of the Moscow State began to receive Cherkasy or Little Russian Cossacks . They initially began to settle in Putivl district, as it was closest to Little Russia.

Evidence of the service and settlement of the Little Russians in the Moscow Ukraine is the letter of the Putivl voivode Grigory Borisov 1589. It says: "Yes, he's Vasily Ondreeva We sent your servants from Putivl to your Sovereign service with the Putivl newcomers leaving Cherkasy for thieves and for Cherkasy.” Or right below: “And we, your servants, according to your Sovereign's charter, sent ataman Agey Martynov with his comrades from the Putivl Cherkassy to the field on Psel and to Ust-Aidar, and down the Don, to those places where your Sovereign villagers were crushed by Cherkasy; and the dei Cherkas did not descend.” It is also mentioned here that the Little Russians received estates and salaries for guard and stanitsa service in the same way as the native service people of the Moscow State: “And that Cherkashenin Vasily Ondreev beat you with his forehead to the Sovereign, about your Sovereign’s salary and about the verstans.”

In 1591, a decision was made to establish two new villages on Livny to protect the borders from raids Little Russian Cossacks, who smashed the Putivl villages and guards on the road to Ust-Aidar and to Ust-Borovaya.

The Boyarsky verdict of April 16 says about the purpose of these villages: “ And according to the Tsar’s decree, the Boyars were sentenced: to establish two good villages on Livny, and with them choose leaders from the Cossacks, or from whomever is more suitable. Yes, send one good village to Donets Seversky The Tsar's Road Muravsky way; and send another village to Donets and Seversky to Izyumsky Kurgan between the Donets and Oskol, and to cross that village on the Donets there are transports from Bashkinskaya, Shabalinskaya, Bulukleyskaya, Savinskaya, and Izyumskaya. And go to those two villages, those two roads, constantly meeting, and check on news and wait for great news from Lieven.”

Around 1592, another new city was built on Bystraya Sosna, Yelets, and on the 20th of July of this year, a painting of the Yelets guards from the Yelets governor was sent to Moscow to the Sovereign Andrey Zvenigorodsky, and the heads of Ivan Myasnov. In this painting, 9 watchmen are appointed, located partly down and up the Bystraya Sosna, and partly behind the Sosna, in the steppe, about forty miles from the city.

In 1594, Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich issued a decree on salaries for losses in the guard service, which set out all rewards more clearly than before. “...The Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Fedor Ivanovich of All Russia indicated Putivlsky, and Livensky, and Yeletsky village heads, and the villagers, and the leaders, for service, and for izron, and for full, give their Sovereign's salary for a horse at 4 rubles, and for a gelding at 3 rubles. And whoever the villager or leader is killed in the field in the village, and for his service, and for murder, and for the crime, give the Sovereign’s salary to wives and children of 4 rubles each ... "

In 1595, another new Ukrainian city, Kromy, was mentioned. This year, by order of the Sovereign, Prince Vladimir Koltsov-Mosalsky arranged new watchmen from Krom. In the painting sent from him to the watchman dated April 9, 1595, Kromsky was appointed watchman seven. The first on Bystraya Sosna; 2nd up Tuskor and Terebuzh; 3rd on Ruda up Points; 4th behind the Vylsky forest under the burnt fishing lines; 5th on the river on Ochka on Bystraya; 6th on Demolition of Ust-Tureya and up Bobrok; 7th watchman on the river on Ochka, at the mouth of Rokitna.

At the end of the reign of Fyodor Ivanovich, Belgorod was built, extending far into the steppe beyond the line of other Ukrainian cities. This city subsequently became the center of the Ukrainian guard service and formed a special Belgorod category in the Moscow Administration.

Thus, during the reign of Fyodor Ivanovich, the line of Ukrainian fortifications was replenished with five cities, which formed a rather acute angle, resting its base from the west on the upper reaches of the Oka, and from the east on Bystraya Sosna, and penetrating deep into the steppes to the mouth of Voronezh and the upper reaches of the Donets, where, Belgorod stood as the foremost guard.

In addition, under Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, a new extension of the line of patrols and a watchman along the Volga is mentioned, from Nizhny Novgorod to Astrakhan and further, even to Terek. But here there was a different order. This service was carried out mainly by free Volga and Yaitsky Cossacks, inhabitants of the steppes, seemingly predominantly of Tatar origin, who depended on their atamans and knew no other authority (Prince Odoevsky’s charter to the Volga Cossacks in 1614 was written in the Tatar language). They served not according to the layout and not according to local and monetary salaries, but from an indefinite and temporary Sovereign's salary, depending on the service.

In letters to them they were sometimes honored as protectors of the Russian land and well done. The governors of the border Russian cities were not their leaders; They were also not listed in the Rank. Russian cities were for them only points where to bring news and bring prisoners, and where to receive the Sovereign's salary and orders for service. They were usually paid in money, cloth, lead, saltpeter, and even wine. And if they joined the Moscow army and carried out marching service with it, then for the entire duration of the service or campaign they were given food for people and horses, and sometimes, in addition to bread, money.

So in the order of the Astrakhan governor Prince Sitsky, 1591, it is said: “Gather the Cossacks in Astrakhan for the Shevkal service of the Volga 1000 people, and the Yaitsky 500 people. And to feed them, in Astrakhan, give one osmine of flour per person, and for ten people, a quarter of cereals and oatmeal, or a fine split, depending on how long they will live in Astrakhan, and on top of that, give the horsemen a quarter of oats per person. And if they learn to ask for money for their needs, and they will be given half a ruble per person for their needs, and the Sovereign’s decree will be forthcoming regarding the sufficient monetary salary and the grain supply for the Shevkal service.”

For mail and traveling service, the Cossacks, as mentioned above, received only money, cloth, lead and pearls. Evidence of this is the same order to Prince Sitsky: “And when the atamans and Cossacks, who were sent to the Volga for the Murz Kazyev ulus, converge in Astrakhan, both the boyar and the governors of those atamans will give the Sovereign’s salary according to cloth in kind, and a ruble of money, and to the Cossacks of their villages who were with them on the Volga for Kazyev ulus Murz, give a ruble of money to a person, and a pound of lead to a person.”

Here the gathering points for the Cossacks were: Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Tsaritsyn, Saratov (built around 1590), Perevoloka, Astrakhan and Terki. These cities had their own governors and with them archers and Boyar children, who formed a standing army that served as a support for the flying Cossack detachments. Boyar children and mounted archers were sometimes sent to the steppe, but not otherwise than on Cossack news, as stated in the same order to Prince Sitsky: “According to the Sovereign’s order, the governor Prince Zasekin, from Saratov, sent for thieves' Cossacks and for Cherkasy to Medvedets, the centurion Streletsky Ivan Biryuev with the Kazan and mounted archers, yes Volga atamans: Nikita Boldyr, and Ofonya Gubar.”

During the reign of Boris Fedorovich Godunov, guards, villages, fences and other fortifications were in good condition. News from the steppes was always brought in advance; Ukrainian cities were constantly guarded by strong troops. The king had drawings not only for border cities, but even for outposts. In 1600, Boris Fedorovich ordered Bogdan Belsky build a new fortress Borisov in the steppe on the right bank of Oskol, 14 versts from the Izyum guardhouse. Other orders of the Sovereign regarding the Ukrainian guard service are still unknown.

07 Aug 2016

Guard and village service under Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov (1613 - 1635)

After the death of Boris Fedorovich, under his son, during the impostor and interregnum, the Moscow Government had no time to think about Ukraine and its fortifications and, it seems, most of the Ukrainian troops were moved to Moscow. But with the accession of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the throne, the guard and village service in the Ukrainian steppes little by little again received a better structure.

Already in 1615, Ukrainian cities were quite fortified and equipped with troops, and in the rank lists of this year they were divided into 5 departments.
Of these, the first consists of the actual Ukrainian cities, belonging to the internal line. They were as follows: Kolomna, Serpukhov, Aleksin, Kaluga.
2nd department – cities Ryazan : Pereyaslavl Ryazansky, Zaraysk, Mikhailov, Pronsk, Ryassk, Shatsk, Sapozhsk, Gremyachey, Tarusa, Venev, Epifan, Dedilov, Donkov, Borovsk, Yaroslavets Maloy, Likhvin, Przemysl, Belev, Bolkhov, Orel, Karachev, Chern, Kozelsk, Meshchevsk.
3rd department Seversky cities: Bryansk, Novgorod Seversky, Starodub, Rylsk, Putivl.
4th department proper Steppe(or Polish) cities: Kursk, Livny, Voronezh, Yelets, Lebedyan, Voluyki, Belgorod, Oskol.
5th department – cities Grassroots : Terki, Astrakhan, Tsaritsyn, Samara, Kazan, Tetyushi, Kurmysh, Azator, Kasimov, Kadoma and Temnikov. There are 53 cities in total.

And in the Discharge List of 1610, even the number of troops that formed the garrisons of all Ukrainian cities is calculated, which, however, gives a not entirely favorable idea of ​​​​the then protection of the Ukrainian borders of the Moscow State. All troops located in Ukrainian cities and stretched over more than a thousand miles extend no further than 24,350 people. Namely, in the Ukrainian cities proper, numbering thirty-four, from Arzamas to Novosil, the city army was 12,814 people, in five cities of the Seversky category, from Bryansk to Putivl - 3,662 people; in eight steppe cities, from Voronezh to Kursk - 7,844 people; in the lower cities the number of troops is not indicated.

However, it should be noted that this calculation does not seem to include the guard and village troops located in the villages and guard hangouts in the steppe on the Dnieper, Donets, Oskol, Tikhaya and Bystrya Sosna, Voronezh and Tsna. Even in the city troops, there is no mention of the brothers, nephews, subordinates and backbenchers of the service people, who were probably slightly less than those placed in the rank list, and who also participated in the service.

Moreover, one cannot lose sight of the fact that some cities, probably more dangerous from the Crimean raids, or lying in the middle of the roads, were supplied, judging by the circumstances in which the State was then located, with sufficient garrisons. So in Tula there were 640 city troops; in Ryazan (i.e. Pereyaslavl Zalessky) 829 people; in Kaluga 2,109 people; in Mtsensk 781; in Novosili 806; in Starodub 650; V Novgorod Seversky 693; in Rylsk 773; in Putivl 1,049; in Voronezh 971; in Livny 824; in Yelets 1969; in Oskol 856; in Voluyki 620; in Belgorod 813; in Kursk there are 1321 people.

In addition, according to the painting of the same year, in the Crimean Ukraine there were special corps of troops, which were supposed to appear everywhere, as needed, to protect the steppe borders. These corps were located as follows: The large regiment was stationed in Tula, with Prince Fedor Kurakin, 1619 people. Advanced regiment - in Mtsensk, with Prince Vasily Turenin, 884 people. Guard Regiment - in Novosil, with Mikhail Dmitriev, 801 people.

Moreover, detachments were scattered throughout the cities to communicate with the main regiments in the event of an enemy raid. In Ryazan with Voivode Koltovsky, 659 people. On Mikhailov, with voivode Ivan Pushkin, 396 people. In Pronsk, from Grigory Chelyustin, 470 people. In Zaraysk, from Timofey Pavlov 287 people. In Ryassk, from Lavrenty Kologrivov 468 people. In Dankov, with Andrey Khotnitsov 425 people. In Shatsk from Vladimir Veshnyakov 240 people. In the instructions to the governors of these regiments, it is precisely said that they should constantly send each other news about the movements of the Crimeans, and should gather towards the side where the enemy appeared.

All these regiments constituted an army ready for battle, consisting of 6,279 people. However, both the number of troops and the location of the regiments changed according to circumstances, as weather discharge patterns clearly show. So in 1617 there were already 8,647 mobile Ukrainian troops. It was he who was joined by six detachments, located the first in Kashira, the 2nd in Serpukhov, the 3rd in Lebedyan, the 4th in Livny, the 5th in Yelets, and the 6th in Bolkhov.

In 1618, the detachments of troops stationed throughout the Ukraine decreased somewhat compared to previous years, probably due to the intensification of the war with Poland. And it was in this year that there were only 5,672 mobile troops in the Ukraine, of course, except for the city garrisons, the number of which is not shown in the list.

In 1619, the number of mobile troops again increased to 7,059 people, and the advanced regiment moved back from Mtsensk to Dedilov, and the sentry regiment from Novosil to Kropivna, of course, in order to concentrate them closer and move them closer to Moscow, so that just in case it was possible to put them against the Crimeans and against the Poles, which, of course, was not so convenient to do when before the regiments were quite stretched out and jutted out at an angle into the steppe.

In 1620, according to the rank list, the location of the Ukrainian regiments remained the same. A large regiment in Tula, a forward regiment in Dedilov, a guard regiment in Kropivna, other detachments: in Ryazan, Mikhailov, Pronsk, Mtsensk and Novosil. But the number of troops increased to 9,714, probably on the occasion of the armistice with Poland.

According to the list of 1621, the troops in Ukraine remained in the same order, but decreased to 5,221 people, as it seems, as a result of the war between the Crimeans and the Poles, which is mentioned in the district Tsar’s charter dated March 1, 1622. For the same reason, the Ukrainian troops the next year were further reduced to 4,119 people.

But this time the Moscow Government’s hope for a war between the Crimeans and Poland did not come true. In the fall of 1621, the Crimeans concluded a truce with Poland, and with the intention of spreading the rumor that they would go to Poland again in the spring, and even invited the Russians to participate in the campaign, saying that they had agreed with the Turkish Sultan to fight in Poland for ten years, and that they had only concluded a truce for the winter, because the Turks do not fight in winter, as the Turkish envoy told our boyars in his response speech.

In fact, in May 1622, Crimean gangs appeared in the vicinity of Dedilov, Epifani, Solovy and Odoev, where they were not expected at all and could not give a proper rebuff. However, this time the matter ended with one robbery of the surrounding villages and hamlets. The Crimean detachments, due to their small numbers, did not dare to go further.

But on July 16, news came to Moscow from Belgorod and other Ukrainian cities that the Azovs and Nogais of the Kazyev ulus were marching towards the Moscow Ukraine in large crowds. According to this news, in addition to the previous troops, the Emperor appointed new regiments. Large regiment in Serpukhov 902 people. Advanced regiment in Oleksin 677 people. Guard regiment on Kashira 79 people. In addition, more people were added to similar regiments stationed in Ryazan, Mikhailov, Pronsk and Shatsk.

And on July 31, guard heads were appointed to guard the crossings across the Oka River: to Serpukhov Prince Boryatinsky and with him 97 people, for observation along the Oka from Serpukhov to Torusa and Oleksin. On Kashira - Smerdov Pleshcheev and with him 92 people with instructions to protect the shore until Serpukhov. On Kolomna – Prince Zasekin protect the shore up Oke before Kashirs, and down the river to Bela-Omuta.

This order shows that the Crimeans marched in large numbers to the Moscow Ukraine, and the Moscow government, not having sufficient ready-made troops, tried to concentrate corps in a tighter space, leaving the steppe cities to the protection of their garrisons and fortifications, of course, quite inaccessible to the steppe riders, not who had artillery and could not engage in a long siege.

What were the consequences of these orders is not known, but it seems that the formidable campaign of the Crimeans and Nogais did not take place, or did not have important consequences due to the measures taken on the Moscow side. But the next year, the Moscow government began with greater activity to set up guard lines in the steppes and, as can be seen from the discharge list, for a while it made a rule for itself not to move far into the steppes and to place guards as closely as possible.

Of the 183 watchmen, not one reached Dnieper and lower reaches Donets And Don. Their furthest travels were limited to rivers Family, Pselom, upper reaches Vorskla, Oskola, Voluya And Quiet Pine. Not a single siding reached the mouths Aidara and up to Holy Mountains. Watchmen from Putivlya, Belgorod And Voluek, the most distant steppe cities, did not move forward from the fortresses further than 15 versts, and the city Borisov, which extended far from the others into the steppe, was even abandoned and ruined. Moreover, for greater caution, the very villages have been much strengthened against the former. Namely, in each village there were appointed boyar's son, By two chieftains, 6 each riders and two leader.

Here is an abbreviated extract of the guard painting of 1623. This year the following 16 cities were designated to send out watchmen.

1st - Belgorod ; he had to send a guard to 15, of which the farthest from Belgorod is 50 versts along Izyumsky way to the top In short And Roots, i.e. behind Belgorod, and the closest one from Belgorod is two miles, on the Posad field, near Vezenitskaya dubrova. Of these, the first seven are located in Muravsky way, and the remaining eight are between Muravsky And Izyumsky way.

2nd – Oskol – 13 watchman. Of these, the farthest Quiet Pine, between Oskol And Voronezh 150 versts, again not forward into the steppe, but behind the city; and the closest one from Oskola 5 versts; they were all located according to Uble, Oskol, Potu-Dhoni And Quiet Pine.

3rd - Livny – 17 watchman; of these, the farthest from the city is 170 versts, the closest is three versts; they are all located along Fast Pine and along its tributaries, Lukovets, Works, Rechitsa, Foshne, Kolpne And Chernave, and on Semi.

4th - Kropivna - four watchmen, of which the farthest from the city is 200 versts on Fast Pine, between Yelets And Livnami, and the other three Muravsky way no further than 80 miles from the city.

5th - Epifan - five watchman Swords And Don, no further than 80 miles from the city.

6th - Duckweed - 16 watchman, 15, 12, 6 and four versts from the city, and only Chelnova 300 versts from Ryassk.

7th - Mtsensk – 9 watchman; of which the farthest is 120 versts from the city by Ust-Chernavy, others are a hundred, 60, 40 and 30 versts away. They are located along the tributaries Fast Pine, Lukovets, More lovingly, Rechitsa, Foshne, Kolpne and on Long Kolodese.

8th - Voronezh – 11 watchmen near from the Crimean side, three watchmen from the Nogai side, and four watchmen from the far side. The first ones are located on Chermny Yar, Ust-Voronezh, in Malysheva, Ust-Devitsy and for Don. Second between Don And Bityuk. Third seating Bityuk and along the left bank Don.

9th - Dedilov – 8 watchman. They are located for the most part 200 and 100 versts from the city, along the tributaries Fast Pine.

10th - Novosil – 12 watchman. Of these, only one is 100 versts from the city on Ust-Chernavy, and others 70, 30, 20 versts and closer. They are all located according to Fast Pine and its tributaries.

11th - Donkov – 10 watchman. They are located from Galich mountains up along the Don and its tributaries between Worglom And Cassocks.

12th - Dace – 8 watchman, on the roads Livenskaya, Lebedyanskaya, Voronezh And Oskolskaya, no further than 30 versts from the city, and more than three and four versts.

13th - Kursk – 25 watchman. They are located along Semi, Reutu, Point and along the upper reaches Psla.

14th - Voluyki – nearby 8 watchman, along the river Voluyu and in the steppe Voluem, the farthest two Voluyu And Oskol. All of them, both distant and near, are 5, 6 and not far from the city 20 versts, and then, for the most part, behind Voluyek to Quiet Pine.

15th - Putivl – 5 old guards and 3 new ones on the Lithuanian side. All of them are located at Semi.

16th - Rylsk – 5 guards, also located along Semi, obviously to protect the borders on the Lithuanian side.

On the occasion of these new orders, at the same time, a new charter was drawn up for the guard and village service, which is depicted in a circular order to all governors of Ukrainian cities and sent to them, along with the rank lists of the watchman on March 1, 1623. This charter specified:

I. With regard to village residents:
1) Send villagers from March 25th, or when spring opens.
2) Before leaving for service, the governor must gather everyone in the moving hut villagers, children of boyars, atamanov, riders And leaders, and review them according to the lists, and then send the lists of your review to Moscow.
3) Everyone villagers divided into two halves, of which the first should be sent on guard from March 25 to August, and the second from August 1 to November 15.
4) So that in each village there is boyar's son, yes by ataman, yes, six people each riders, yes, two at a time leader, and so that everyone village resident there were two horses each, or one gelding per horse according to kindness.
5) At the very departure of the villages, give them memorial orders under the voivodeship seal; so that they drive carefully and carefully, reach the tracts and bring travel memories to the governors, as proof that they were at the tracts. And if they moved somewhere, then they would immediately send two or three people to the city with news of their comrades, and they themselves would continue their journey to the tracts designated in the rank list, and find out the real news about Tatar and about Cherkas. If somewhere they came across horse people, then, having driven around it and examined it, exactly how many people were and what kind of people were going, and in which direction they were going, they themselves would run to the governor with the real news.
6) Upon arrival villagers With such news, the governor, having questioned them in detail, must immediately send messengers to Moscow and neighboring cities, so that everyone is ready to repel the enemy.

II. Relatively watchmen.
1) Their deportation to guard duty was also scheduled from March 25, or depending on the opening of spring.
2) Upon departure watchmen to the designated places, the voivode must immediately send a sign to the guard in Moscow, with a statement indicating how many people are sent to which guard, how many miles the guard is from the city, and how far the journey will take from one guard to the other.
3) Sending watchmen, strictly punish them so that they stand guard carefully day and night, and make frequent trips from one guard to another in order to check more accurately about the military people.
4) The voivode is obliged to send patrolmen as often as possible to ensure that the watchmen.

III. Relatively watchmen And villagers together.
1) If villagers will not reach the tracts indicated by them, but watchmen If they left their guards without waiting for a change, the governor had the right to punish them, depending on their guilt.
2) If which villagers or watchmen will pogrom Tatars or Cherkasy, then the governor should immediately write about this to Moscow, indicating what damage they suffered villagers or watchman.
3) Finally, in relation to the city itself, the voivode is obliged to monitor the serviceability of the city fortifications and, according to news, gather all the district residents for the siege, write them into special lists, in which it should be indicated who will fight against the enemy with what battle, in what battle place in the city or in the fort, and under whose command, so that everyone knows his place during an enemy attack and carries out the orders of his closest superior.

The number of troops stationed in regiments in Ukraine in 1624, 1625 and 1626, according to rank lists, was as follows: in 1624 9,164 people; in 1625 10,838 people. In addition, in the same year, 16,677 troops were stationed along the eastern border in the following 12 cities: in Terkah, V Astrakhan, Tsaritsyn, Saratov, Samara, Kazan, Tetyushikh, Alatore, Temnikov, Kadome, Kasimov And Ufa. In 1626 there were 10,890 people.

The location of the regiments remained the same. Great Regiment in Thule, advanced in Dedilov, watchman in Kropivna, arrived at Mtsensk, and similar in Ryazan, Mikhailov And Pronske. These troops were completely separated from the policemen, who were called siege troops, and each city had its own, and consisted of a team of city governors or siege heads. So, for example, in Thule there were 867 siege troops under command Sukhotin. IN Mtsensk With Chemesov 400 people. IN Pereyaslavl Ryazan with the Prince Volkonsky 385 people.

In 1627, almost the same number of troops remained in the Ukrainian regiments, 10,975 people, but they were also added to the reserve, in case of news of a big campaign of the Crimeans, 3,380 people, who, according to the news, were supposed to gather in Tulu, Dedilov, Kropivna, Ryazan, Mikhailov And Pronsk.

In 1628, the number of Ukrainian regiments reached 11,257 people. The location of the regiments remained the same. In 1629, the Ukrainian mobile army numbered 11,826 people. Moreover, in case of news of a big campaign of the Crimeans, 4,201 people were in reserve. In 1630, the number of troops in the Ukrainian regiments decreased to 8,898 people, probably due to preparations for the Polish War.

Then, in the next three years, on the occasion of the war with the Poles, the decrease in Ukrainian regiments was even more significant. Namely, in 1631 in Ukraine there were only 4,812 people in the regiments, and in 1632 there were 4,827 people, and, moreover, only with smaller commanders. The big ones were supposed to appear only in the event of news of a great campaign of the Crimeans. In 1633 and 1634 and with the great voivodes there were only 4,955 people.

But after peace was concluded with Poland, Ukrainian troops increased again. In 1635, there were already 12,759 people on the regiments in Ukraine, and in 1636, 17,055 people. In addition, the number of Ukrainian siege troops increased significantly. There have been 13,991 of them since 1635, located in the following 11 cities: in Kursk, Oskol, Voluykikh, Voronezh, Elets, Livnakh, Bryansk, Rylsk, Putivle, Sevsk And Belgorod. Since 1636, the rank paintings of the Ukrainian regiments have been lost, and therefore, there is nothing to talk about this subject from this year.

At the same time from Kozlova to the Shatsk side, from the full Voronezh to the river Chelnavy an earthen rampart was built for 12 versts, along which three earthen towns with towers and crawl spaces were built; further, on Kasimov Ford an earthen town was erected and there was a 200-fathom earthen rampart attached to it; then lower Yelets on Pine, on Talitsky Ford, a field fort was built to cover the heads and military men sent from Yelets. And from Tambov to the river Chelnavy, where the Kozlovsky earthen rampart ends, a line of gouges was drawn.

These newly built cities were entrusted with sufficient garrisons and equipped with fortress weapons. So, in Lomov four copper squeakers, two pounds each, and two pounds and a half cannonballs, and fifty pounds each of lead and gunpowder were sent. IN Tambov a squeaker was sent slightly larger than a one and a half squeaker, two one and a half squeakers with a 6 pound core, two squeakers with a three and a four pound core; four squeaks each had a two-pound cannonball, and twenty standard squeaks, and with them 20 pounds of cannon powder, 40 pounds of manual squeaker and the same amount of lead.

Then, in 1637, they were sent Fedor Sukhotin and hysterical Evsey Yuriev see all places Kalmiusskaya And Izyumskaya sakme and on Muravsky road, and after examining it, draw up a list and drawings of where to build new cities, residential and stagnant forts and other fortifications in those places. And according to the report Sukhotin And Yuryeva, and according to the fairy tale village heads, atamanov, riders And leaders The following line of fortifications is to be constructed:

1. Place two cities each Kalmius sakma: one on Pine, y Ternovsky forest, y Oskolskaya signs, and the other with Ust-Userda, on the Lower Settlement, up the river along Quiet Pine, between Oskol And Voluyki. Then, from Userdsky fortifications up to dig an earthen rampart eight miles to the upper reaches Pines, from where to continue 15 versts to the upper reaches of the river Voluya, and place two guards at both ends of the shaft. Further, along the same Kalmius sakma build two standing forts. Alone on the river Olshanka, near the Ternovsky forest, estuary of the river Trostenki, and the other on the river Oskol, under Gesture Mountains. And along the river Pine at five fords, which are usually used Crimeans, beat piles and oak particles. In forest places Pine, Oskol and in Fochkine Plese set up abatis.

2. On Izyumskaya sakma, under apple forest build a standing fort, and then build an earthen rampart from the upper reaches of the river Withers through the steppe to the river In short, and place standing guards at the ends of the shaft.

3. On Muravsky way, on the river Vorskla, set up a residential town on Karpov, and from the city through Muravsky Way To Belgorod to the river Vyazenice dig an earthen rampart and build towns.

The Tsar approved the assumption of Sukhotin and Yuryev. And therefore, in the same year, district royal letters were sent to all cities to collect money for the construction of new fortifications, which, in all likelihood, cost large sums, because only Khotmyshsk And Volny in 1640, 13,532 rubles were allocated to the Sovereign treasury, which at that time was a huge amount.

The establishment of new cities, prisons and prisons was done under the supervision of either special commanders sent from Moscow or Ukrainian governors. The work itself was carried out archers, Cossacks And dating people. The main administration regarding the management of fortifications was assigned to the Pushkar Order, to which all paintings and reports on the condition of the fortifications were to be sent.

The construction of these cities began in 1638 and continued until the end of the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich. ... In 1640, the Sovereign decree ordered the governor Vasily Ivanovich Tolstoy build cities Khotmyshsk And Free Kurgan. The first one is on Vorskla, on Khotmysh settlement, and the second one is on the river Rogozne. ...For protection Khotmyshsk At the same time, 713 service people were recruited, namely: 254 people children of boyars, 125 people Streltsy, 350 people Cossacks, 23 people gunners and 11 people blacksmiths. …

The digit paintings of village patrols in 1644 indicate that our villagers from Belgorod from the Nogai side we drove down the Don before Borovoy before Ust-Aidara and up to Falcon Mountains, nine days' journey from Belgorod, and from the Crimean side to Berestova and up to the upper reaches Aurelie And Samara six days' journey from Belgorod. From Zeal down Pine To Don to the mouth Korotoyaka… WITH Oskola by Yablonova And Zhestova prison until Wolf waters. WITH Valuek one way to Borisov settlement before Holy Mountains, another to the river Burlukam and the third on Diligent, crossing in their travels Izyumskaya, Savinskaya And Kalmiyuskaya sakma.

Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, caring about strengthening the Ukrainian borders, he tried no less about the population of this region. In addition to resettlement from other Moscow regions and the placement of service people in Ukrainian cities, this wise sovereign tried to attract to the Moscow Ukraine Little Russian Cossacks, or then the so-called Cherkas, oppressed by the Polish government, gave them rich lands in Ukrainian cities and their districts for settlement, and assigned salaries to the new settlers for their initial home setup.

Here are the original words of one digit painting of 1643 about this: “On the 20th day of the summer of November 7152, according to the Sovereign Tsar’s decree in Belgorod Belgorodsky Cherkasy salaries were issued for the current 152 (year) according to their salaries: ataman 7 rubles, captain 6 rubles, privates 5 rubles per person. Everyone has the guarantee that they will serve the Sovereign’s service, and the Sovereign’s salary will be given to them in their designated places for the eternal life of the builder, and to plow the arable land and sow grain.” Similar murals about the settlement Little Russians in Moscow Ukrainian cities a lot has been preserved.

Royal orders on settlement Cherkas in the Ukrainian cities of the Moscow State were not unsuccessful. By the end of the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich, all regiments of the Ukrainian rank were filled with numerous detachments Little Russians, who fought diligently for the interests of Moscow, not only against Krymtsev, but even against their brothers, Little Russians who remained behind Poland and attacked our Ukraine.

Conclusion

Constant concerns of the Moscow Government about strengthening and populating the borders along the steppe Moscow Ukraine were the result of extreme necessity. The restless Crimean riders, who were instruments of either Polish or Turkish politics, constantly disturbed our steppe borders. Residents of Ukrainian cities were in constant fear of their raids. City governors, with all the increasing news about Crimeans And Nogai, gathered district residents under siege, forced them to leave fields and villages, drive livestock into dense forests, and bury bread in pits.

Every year during the summer months, from early May to September, and sometimes until October, every now and then Crimeans appeared, here and there, on our borders. And only constant and vigilant guards and the steppe patrols of the villagers managed to protect the inhabitants from captivity or complete ruin. The best evidence of this is the annual reports of our Ukrainian governors and siege leaders sent to the Discharge. ...

~ In 1641 Novosilsky voivode Prince Shekhovskoy in his report to the Discharge he writes that in 1639 Crimeans were about Novosil twice, and in 1640 three times in April, May and June.

~ In painting Kursky governors Serysheva it appears that in 1643 Kursk places from May 1 to August 13 Crimeans made 19 raids, and in 1644 8 raids. In earlier times, the Crimean raids were even more significant.

~ So in 1617, September 29, Bolokhovsky voivode Bogdan Velyaminov reported about the fight with Tatars V Bolokhovsky county.

~ October 16 of the same year Livenskie governors reported about the steppe battle 30 versts from Oskola.

~ October 27 sent news about the battle with Tatars Kursk voivode, Ivan Volynsky.

~ June 8, 1618 also about the steppe battle with Tatars reported Voluysky voivode Danilov.

~July 19 Oskolsky the voivode reported about the battle with Tatars 50 versts from Oskola.

~ On July 21 there was a report of a battle with Tatars V Belevsky county.

~ August 23 fought with Tatars Livensky voivode Prince Cherkassky.

~ August 27 Tatars fought under Mtsensk.

~ October 8 there was a steppe battle 120 versts from Liven. And on October 11, another battle 50 miles from Liven.

At first glance, such a constant alarming state of the steppe Ukraine of the Moscow State speaks little in favor of the Ukrainian watchdog service. Crimeans And Nogais almost every year they raided our steppe borders, plundered villages, took the inhabitants captive, and sometimes burned cities. Consequently, all our field fortifications, mobile Ukrainian regiments and guard patrols did not achieve their goal? Consequently, the Moscow Government did not know how to manage and wasted people and money in vain?

But a careful examination of the case reveals that all the measures of the Government were extremely prudent and completely consistent with the circumstances. On peace treaties with the restless Crimeans nothing to say. They are by death Mengli Giray were constantly useless and led to nothing... And about the conquest Crimea Moscow could not think even during the reign John IV, for the vast steppes are a haven for nomadic riders, separating the Moscow State from Crimea, were an insurmountable obstacle to our conquests from this side. Ivan the Terrible fully showed his deeply governmental mind, not agreeing to the conviction of the advisers, who, carried away by the successful raids Prince Vishnevetsky and clerk Rzhevsky, insisted on conquest Crimea.

Not to mention failure, which was very likely, even the happiest campaign did not promise much benefit. Crimea could only be conquered temporarily, and then with a huge loss of people on our part. Ours could crush and burn cities and villages Krymtsev, but the wild nomadic hordes, scattered across the free steppe, became elusive and, following the removal of our army, would again occupy their former homes and again begin to attack our borders.

For perfect conquest Crimea There was only one sure way - the gradual settlement of the steppe and the constant maintenance of guard troops on the border. And visionary John I set to work on this idea with all the zeal of a man convinced of the correctness of the intended calculation. The long-standing line of fortifications along Oke and guard dens in the steppe, even under Donskoy caused by the extreme need of the State, served to Joanna the main material in order to carry out his plan for populating the steppe. And we have already seen how far he achieved in this important matter. His successors diligently continued to follow the laid path. Our Ukrainian cities, year after year, moved forward, and field fortifications and settlements of settlers imperceptibly pressed the steppe and pressed the Crimean freemen towards the sea.

Annual raids Krymtsev And Nogaitsev for the most part they were limited to private robbery and almost did not harm the general cause of settling the steppe, and, despite them, the guard service, with its system of fortifications and settlement, moved forward with firm steps. Her successes, of course, were not brilliant, but nevertheless significant, finally reaching the point that throughout her long reign Mikhail Fedorovich Crimeans could not make a single significant attack on our Ukraine. This is the true goal of the Ukrainian watchdog service, and it obviously achieved it and justified the Government’s concern for this important department of the State Administration.